Fish Oil

Other Name(s):

Aceite de Pescado, Acides Gras Oméga-3, Acides Gras Oméga 3, Acides Gras Oméga 3 Sous Forme Ester Éthylique, Acides Gras N-3, Acides Gras Polyinsaturés N-3, Acides Gras W3, ACPI, EPA/DHA Ethyl Ester, Ester Éthylique de l'AEP/ADH, Fish Body Oil, Herring Oil, Huile de Foie de Morue, Huile de Hareng, Huile de Menhaden, Huile de Poisson, Huile de Saumon, Huile de Thon, Huile Lipidique Marine, Huile Marine, Huiles Marines, Lipides Marins, Marine Lipid Concentrate, Marine Fish Oil, Marine Lipid Oil, Marine Lipids, Marine Oil, Marine Oils, Marine Triglyceride, Menhaden Oil, N-3 Fatty Acids, N3-polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Omega 3, Oméga 3, Omega-3, Oméga-3, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Omega-3 Marine Triglycerides, PUFA, Salmon Oil, Triglycérides Marins, Tuna Fish Oil, Tuna Oil, W-3 Fatty Acids.

Overview

Fish oil can be obtained from eating fish or by taking supplements. Fish that are especially rich in the beneficial oils known as omega-3 fatty acids include mackerel, herring, tuna, salmon, cod liver, whale blubber, and seal blubber. Two of the most important omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Make sure to see separate listings on EPA and DHA, as well as Cod Liver Oil, and Shark Liver Oil.

Fish oil is FDA approved to lower triglycerides levels, but it is also used for many other conditions. It is most often used for conditions related to the heart and blood system. Some people use fish oil to lower blood pressure, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Fish oil has also been used for preventing heart disease or stroke, as well as for clogged arteries, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, bypass surgery, heart failure, rapid heartbeat, preventing blood clots, and high blood pressure after a heart transplant.

Fish oil is also used to for many kidney-related problems including kidney disease, kidney failure, and kidney complications related to diabetes, cirrhosis, Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy), heart transplantation, or using the drug called cyclosporine.

Fish may have earned its reputation as "brain food" because some people eat fish to help with depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, developmental coordination disorder, migraine headache, epilepsy, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and mental impairment.

Some people use fish oil for dry eyes, cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a very common condition in older people that can lead to serious sight problems.

Fish oil is taken by mouth for stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, an inherited disorder called phenylketonuria, allergy to salicylate, Crohn's disease, Behcet's syndrome, and Raynaud's syndrome.

Women sometimes take fish oil to prevent painful periods; breast pain; and complications associated with pregnancy such as miscarriage (including that caused by a condition called antiphospholipid syndrome), high blood pressure late in pregnancy, early delivery, slow infant growth, and to promote infant development.

Fish oil is also taken by mouth for weight loss, exercise performance and muscle strength, muscle soreness after exercise, pneumonia, cancer, lung disease, seasonal allergies, chronic fatigue syndrome, and for preventing blood vessels from re-narrowing after surgery to widen them.

Fish oil is also used for diabetes, prediabetes, asthma, a movement and coordination disorder called dyspraxia, dyslexia, eczema, autism, obesity, weak bones (osteoporosis), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, psoriasis, an autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, cystic fibrosis, gum disease, Lyme disease, sickle cell disease, and preventing weight loss caused by some cancer drugs.

Fish oil is used intravenously (by IV) for scaly and itchy skin (psoriasis), blood infection, cystic fibrosis, pressure ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Fish oil is applied to the skin for psoriasis.

How does work?

A lot of the benefit of fish oil seems to come from the omega-3 fatty acids that it contains. Interestingly, the body does not produce its own omega-3 fatty acids. Nor can the body make omega-3 fatty acids from omega-6 fatty acids, which are common in the Western diet. A lot of research has been done on EPA and DHA, two types of omega-3 acids that are often included in fish oil supplements.

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce pain and swelling. This may explain why fish oil is likely effective for psoriasis and dry eyes. These fatty acids also prevent the blood from clotting easily. This might explain why fish oil is helpful for some heart conditions.

SLIDESHOW

How to Lower Your Cholesterol & Save Your Heart See Slideshow

Uses

Effective for...

  • High triglycerides. Research suggests that fish oil from supplements and food sources can reduce triglyceride levels. The effects of fish oil appear to be the greatest in people who have very high triglyceride levels. Also the amount of fish oil consumed seems to directly affect how much triglyceride levels are reduced. One particular fish oil supplement called Lovaza has been approved by the FDA to lower triglycerides. A one-gram capsule of Lovaza contains 465 milligrams of EPA and 375 milligrams of DHA. But, a small study suggests that taking fish oil daily for 8 weeks might not reduce triglycerides in adolescents.

Likely Effective for...

  • Heart disease. Research suggests that eating fish can be effective for keeping people with healthy hearts free of heart disease. People who already have heart disease might also be able to lower their risk of dying from heart disease by eating fish. The picture is less clear for fish oil supplements. For people who already take heart medications such as a "statin" and those who already eat a decent amount of fish, adding on fish oil might not offer any additional benefit.

Possibly Effective for...

  • Preventing re-blockage of blood vessels after angioplasty, a procedure to open a closed blood vessel. Research suggests that fish oil decreases the rate of blood vessel re-blockage by up to 45% when given for at least 3 weeks before an angioplasty and continued for one month thereafter. But, when given for 2 weeks or less before angioplasty, it doesn't seem to have any effect.
  • Miscarriage in pregnant women with an autoimmune disorder called antiphospholipid syndrome. Taking fish oil by mouth seems to prevent miscarriages and increase live birth rates in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Early research shows that taking fish oil improves attention, mental function, and behavior in children 8-13 years-old with ADHD. Other research shows that taking a specific supplement containing fish oil and evening primrose oil (Eye Q, Novasel) improves mental function and behavior in children 7-12 years-old with ADHD.
  • Bipolar disorder. Taking fish oil along with conventional treatments for bipolar disorder seems to improve symptoms of depression but not mania in people with bipolar disorder.
  • Cancer-related weight loss. Taking a high dose of fish oil seems to slow weight loss in some cancer patients. Low doses of fish oil don't seem to have this effect. Some researchers believe fish oil slows cancer-related weight loss by fighting depression and improving the mood of people with cancer.
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery. Taking fish oil seems to prevent coronary artery bypass grafts from re-closing following coronary artery bypass surgery.
  • Dry eye. Some clinical research shows that eating more fish oil is linked to a lower risk of getting dry eye syndrome in women. Other research shows that taking a specific fish oil product (PRN Dry Eye Omega Benefits softgels) daily modestly improves symptoms of dry eye such as pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity. Other research using other forms of fish oil products suggests that taking these supplements for 4-12 weeks modest improves some dry eye symptoms. However, the sensation of eye dryness is not always improved. Other research also shows that taking a specific combination products containing fish oil and other ingredients might improve some dry eye symptoms; however, this research is conflicted and poor quality.
  • High blood pressure caused by the drug cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a medication that reduces the chance of organ rejection after an organ transplant. Taking fish oil seems to prevent high blood pressure caused by this drug.
  • Damage to the kidneys caused the drug cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a medication that reduces the chance of organ rejection after an organ transplant. Taking fish oil seems to prevent kidney damage in people taking this drug. Fish oil also seems to improve kidney function during the recovery phase following the rejection of a transplanted organ in people taking cyclosporine.
  • Developmental coordination disorder (DCD). A combination of fish oil (80%) and evening primrose oil (20%) seems to improve reading, spelling, and behavior when given to children age 5-12 years with developmental coordination disorder. However, it does not seem to improve motor skills.
  • Menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). Research shows that taking fish oil, alone or with vitamin B12, can improve painful periods and reduce the need for pain medications in women with menstrual pain.
  • Movement disorder in children (dyspraxia). Taking a fish oil product that also contains evening primrose oil, thyme oil, and vitamin E (Efalex, Efamol Ltd) seems to decrease movement disorders in children with dyspraxia.
  • Endometrial cancer. There is some evidence that women who regularly eat about two servings of fatty fish weekly have a reduced risk of developing endometrial cancer.
  • Heart failure. Research shows that a higher intake of fish oil from foods or supplements is linked with a reduced risk for heart failure.
  • Heart transplant. Taking fish oil seems to preserve kidney function and reduce the long-term rise in blood pressure after heart transplantation.
  • Abnormal cholesterol caused by HIV/AIDS treatment. Some research suggests that taking fish oil reduces triglyceride levels in people with abnormal cholesterol levels caused by HIV/AIDS treatment. Taking fish oil might also reduce total cholesterol levels in these people, although results are inconsistent.
  • High blood pressure. Fish oil seems to slightly lower blood pressure in people with moderate to very high blood pressure. Some types of fish oil might also reduce blood pressure in people with slightly high blood pressure, but results are inconsistent. Fish oil seems to add to the effects of some, but not all, blood pressure-lowering medications. However, it doesn't seem to reduce blood pressure in people with uncontrolled blood pressure who are already taking blood pressure-lowering medications.
  • A certain kidney disease called IgA nephropathy. Some research shows that long-term but not short-term use of fish oil can slow the loss of kidney function in high-risk patients with IgA nephropathy. Fish oil might have greater effects when taken at higher doses. Also, it might be most effective in people with IgA nephropathy who have higher levels of protein in the urine.
  • Weak bones (osteoporosis). Research suggests that taking fish oil alone or together with calcium and evening primrose oil slows the rate of bone loss and increases bone density at the thigh bone (femur) and spine in elderly people with osteoporosis.
  • Psoriasis. There is some evidence that administering fish oil intravenously (by IV) can decrease the severity of psoriasis symptoms. Also, applying fish oil to the skin also seems to improve some symptoms of psoriasis. But taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to have any effect on psoriasis.
  • Psychosis. Some research shows that taking a fish oil supplement might help prevent full psychotic illness from developing in teenagers and young adults with mild symptoms. These effects of fish oil have not been tested in older people.
  • Raynaud's syndrome. There is some evidence that taking fish oil can improve cold tolerance in some people with the usual form of Raynaud's syndrome. However, people with Raynaud's syndrome caused by a condition called progressive systemic sclerosis do not seem to benefit from fish oil supplements.
  • Abnormal cholesterol following a kidney transplant. Early research suggests that taking fish oil alone or together with cholesterol-lowering drugs can improve cholesterol levels in people with abnormal cholesterol levels after a kidney transplant.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking fish oil by mouth, alone or together with the drug naproxen (Naprosyn), seems to help improve symptoms of RA. People who take fish oil can sometimes reduce their use of pain medications. Also, administering fish oil intravenously (by IV) reduces swollen and tender joints in people with RA.
  • Stroke. Moderate fish consumption (once or twice weekly) seems to lower the risk of having a stroke by as much as 27%. However, very high fish consumption (more than 46 grams of fish per day) seems to increase stroke risk, perhaps even double it. Eating fish does not lower stroke risk in people who are already taking aspirin for prevention.

Possibly Ineffective for...

  • Chest pain (angina). Research suggests that taking fish oil supplements does not reduce the risk of death or improve heart health in people with chest pain. Some evidence even suggests that fish oil supplements might actually increase the risk of heart-related death in people with chest pain.
  • Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Some research shows that taking fish oil supplements might slightly reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. But most research shows that fish oil doesn't slow the progression or improve symptoms of atherosclerosis.
  • Irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation). Some research suggests that people who eat fish five or more times weekly have a reduced risk of irregular heartbeat. But most research suggests that eating fatty fish or taking fish oil supplements does not reduce the risk of irregular heartbeat.
  • Brain disorder due to blood blow problems (cerebrovascular disease). Some early research suggests that eating fish reduces the risk of cerebrovascular disease. But higher quality research suggests that taking fish oil does not have this effect.
  • Liver scarring (cirrhosis). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to improve kidney problems associated with liver scarring caused by advanced liver disease.
  • Leg pain due to blood flow problems (claudication). Taking fish oil by mouth does not appear to improve walking distance in people with leg pain due to blow flow problems.
  • Mental function. Some early research suggests that eating fish or consuming higher amounts of fish oil from dietary sources is linked to improved mental function and reduced mental decline in older people. But, most evidence shows no benefit on mental function in older people or young adults and children.
  • Gum disease (gingivitis). Taking fish oil does not seem to improve gingivitis.
  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to improve H. pylori infections when compared to standard medications.
  • HIV/AIDS. Some evidence shows that eating food bars containing fish oil does not increase CD4 cell counts in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Also, taken formula containing fish oil doesn't seem to reduce the amount of HIV in the blood.
  • Breast pain (mastalgia). Taking fish oil does not appear to reduce long-term breast pain.
  • Migraine headaches. Taking fish oil by mouth does not appear to decrease the number or severity of migraine headaches.
  • Osteoarthritis. Evidence suggests that taking fish oil along with glucosamine sulfate does not decrease osteoarthritis symptoms compared to glucosamine sulfate alone.
  • Pneumonia. Population research shows no relationship between fish consumption and the risk of developing pneumonia.
  • Blood infection (sepsis). Research suggests that administering fish oil intravenously (by IV) does not improve survival or reduce brain injury in people with sepsis.
  • Abnormal rapid heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias). Population research suggests that eating a lot of fish has no effect on the risk for abnormal rapid heart rhythms. Clinical research is inconsistent. Some research shows that taking fish oil daily does not affect the risk for abnormal heart rhythms. But other research shows that taking fish oil for 11 months delays the development of the condition. However, overall, taking fish oil does not seem to reduce the risk of death in people with abnormal rapid heart rhythms.

Likely Ineffective for...

  • Diabetes. Taking fish oil does not lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. However, fish oil can provide some other benefits for people with diabetes, such as lowering blood fats called triglycerides.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

  • Age-related vision loss. There is some evidence that people who eat fish more than once weekly have a reduced risk of developing age-related vision loss. But, clinical research shows that taking fish oil by mouth for up to 5 years does not prevent vision loss.
  • Seasonal allergies (hayfever). Early research suggests that mothers who take fish oil supplements during the late stages of pregnancy may lower the occurrence of allergies in their children. But other research suggests that fish oil does not reduce the development of allergies in children when taken by the mother during pregnancy.
  • Alzheimer's disease. There is some early evidence that fish oil might help prevent Alzheimer's disease. However, it does not seem to help prevent a decline in thinking skills for most people who have already been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
  • Asthma. Some research suggests that fish oil supplements might help TREAT some asthma symptoms, but results are not consistent. Some research shows that taking fish oil improves breathing and reduces the need for medication, but other research suggests that fish oil does not reduce the severity of asthma is children.
    It is also not clear if fish oil can help PREVENT asthma. Some early research suggests that mothers who take fish oil supplements daily during pregnancy reduce the risk of asthma in their children by 35% to 63%. But, fish oil does not seem to provide any benefits when taken while breastfeeding.
  • Scaly, itchy skin (eczema). Fish oil might help PREVENT eczema, but research is not consistent. Some early research suggests that mothers who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy reduce the risk of severe eczema in their infants. Also, population research suggests that children who eat fish at least once weekly from 1 to 2 years of age have a lower risk of developing eczema. But other research, including recent studies, suggests that neither supplementation during pregnancy nor supplementation during infancy reduces the risk of eczema. Overall, research suggests that fish oil does not help TREAT eczema once it has developed.
  • Autism. Some early research suggests that taking fish oil might lower hyperactivity in children with autism. Other research suggests it does not.
  • Cancer. Research on the effects of fish oil in preventing cancer has produced conflicting results. Some population research suggests that eating fish or having higher blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil is linked to a lower risk of different cancers, including oral cancer, pharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. But other research suggests that eating fish does not reduce the risk of cancer.
  • Cataracts. There is some early evidence that eating fish three times weekly can slightly lower the risk of developing cataracts.
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). There is some conflicting evidence about the use of a specific product (Efamol Marine) that combines fish oil and evening primrose oil to reduce the symptoms CFS.
  • Chronic kidney disease. Early evidence shows that fish oil might benefit some people with chronic kidney disease who are receiving dialysis treatments. But it's not clear if fish oil helps people with poor kidney function who are otherwise healthy.
  • Abnormal cholesterol caused by clozapine. Clozapine is a drug used to treat schizophrenia. Early evidence suggests that taking fish oil reduces triglyceride levels, but increases total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, in people with abnormal cholesterol levels due to taking clozapine.
  • Colorectal cancer. Some early research suggests that taking fish oil during chemotherapy might slow the progression of tumors in people with colorectal cancer.
  • Thinking problems (cognitive impairment). Some research suggests that taking 3 specific fish oil capsules (EPAX 1050TG, EPAX AS, Lysaker, Norway) by mouth daily for 12 months might improve memory in people with some cognitive impairment.
  • Crohn's disease. Research into the effects of fish oil on Crohn's disease has produced conflicting results. Some research shows that taking a specific fish oil product (Purepa, Tillotts Pharma) can reduce the relapse of Crohn's disease for people who have recovered. However, other research shows that fish oil does not have this effect.
  • Cystic fibrosis. Early research suggests that taking fish oil by mouth can improve lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. However, administering fish oil intravenously (IV) does not have this effect.
  • Memory loss (dementia). Some early research suggests that eating fish at least once per week reduces the risk of developing dementia. Other research suggests there is no link between fish consumption and the risk of dementia.
  • Depression. There is inconsistent evidence on the effect of taking fish oil for depression. Some research shows that taking fish oil along with an antidepressant might help improve symptoms in some people. Other research shows that taking fish oil does not improve depression symptoms. The conflicting results may be due to the amount of EPA and DHA in the supplement or the severity of depression before treatment.
  • Kidney damage in people with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy). Evidence suggests that taking fish oil does not improve kidney function in people with diabetic nephropathy.
  • Dyslexia. Taking fish oil by mouth seems to improve night vision in children with dyslexia.
  • Abnormal cholesterol or fat levels in the blood (dyslipidemia). There is conflicting evidence about the effects of fish oil on cholesterol and fat levels in the blood. Some research shows that taking fish oil can lower triglyceride levels, low density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL or "good") cholesterol in people with abnormal cholesterol levels. However, other research shows that taking fish oil daily does not have this effect.
  • Advanced kidney disease (end stage renal disease). Some evidence suggests that taking fish oil reduces markers of swelling (inflammation) in people with advanced kidney disease.
  • Epilepsy. Research suggests that taking omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil by mouth daily for 10 weeks reduces seizures in people with epilepsy that is resistant to drugs.
  • Muscle soreness due to exercise. Some research shows that taking fish oil by mouth daily for 1-6 months before and during exercise does not prevent muscle soreness in the elbow or the knee when contracted. But other research suggests that taking fish oil improves soreness from knee extension exercises.
  • Exercise performance. Some evidence suggests that taking fish oil can improve lung function in athletes. But other evidence suggests that taking fish oil does not improve endurance, recovery, heart rate, or exercise duration.
  • Preventing blockage of grafts used in kidney dialysis. Taking higher doses of fish oil short-term seems to help prevent blood clot formation in hemodialysis grafts. Taking lower doses long-term does not seem to have this effect.
  • Prediabetes. Early studies suggest that fish oil may help prevent prediabetes from advancing to type 2 diabetes.
  • Infant development. There is some evidence that mothers who eat fish or take fish oil supplements during pregnancy may improve some aspects of their baby's mental development. Taking fish oil during breast-feeding does not have this effect. However, feeding infants formula fortified with fish oil appears to improve some aspect of the baby's vision by the age of 2 months.
  • Multiple sclerosis. Taking a specific fish oil product (MaxEPA) does not appear to improve the duration, frequency, or severity of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  • Muscle strength. Some research suggests that taking fish oil daily for 90 to 150 days in addition to 90 days of resistance strength training might improve muscle growth and strength in healthy older women.
  • Weight loss. Some research shows that eating fish improves weight loss and decreases blood sugar in people who are overweight with high blood pressure. Early research also shows that taking a specific fish oil supplement (Hi-DHA, NuMega) lowers body fat when combined with exercise. But other evidence suggests that taking another specific fish oil supplement (Lovaza) does not lower body weight in overweight people.
  • Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Evidence suggests that feeding intravenously (IV) with nutrition that has been fortified with fish oil reduces the number of days of kidney replacement therapy needed by people with severe inflammation of the pancreas.
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU). Some evidence suggests that taking fish oil supplements improves motor skills, coordination, and vision in children with a rare genetic disorder called phenylketonuria.
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some early research shows that adding supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil to psychoeducation does not provide any further benefits to people with PTSD.
  • Pregnancy complications. There is some evidence that taking fish oil or eating seafood during pregnancy can help prevent premature delivery. However, fish oil does not seem to help prevent high blood pressure during pregnancy.
  • Prematurity. Baby formula that has been fortified with fatty acids from fish oil and borage oil seems to improve growth and nervous system development in premature infants, especially boys.
  • Bed sores (pressure ulcers). Early research suggests that supplementing either a feeding tube or IV with fish oil for 28 days might slow the progression of pressure ulcers.
  • Salicylate intolerance. Some early research suggests that taking fish oil might improve symptoms of salicylate intolerance, such as asthma attacks and itching.
  • Schizophrenia. There is one report of fish oil improving symptoms of schizophrenia in a pregnant woman.
  • Sickle cell disease. Early research suggests that taking fish oil can reduce severe pain episodes in people with sickle cell disease.
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Some early studies suggest that fish oil helps improve symptoms of SLE, while other studies show no effect.
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). Research studies into the effects of fish oil for treating ulcerative colitis show conflicting results.
  • Glaucoma.
  • Behcet's syndrome.
  • Other conditions.
    • More evidence is needed to rate fish oil for these uses.

Side Effects

Fish oil is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in low doses (3 grams or less per day). There are some safety concerns when fish oil is taken in high doses. Taking more than 3 grams per day might keep blood from clotting and can increase the chance of bleeding.

High doses of fish oil might also reduce the immune system's activity, reducing the body's ability to fight infection. This is a special concern for people taking medications to reduce their immune system's activity (organ transplant patients, for example) and the elderly.

Only take high doses of fish oil while under medical supervision.

Fish oil can cause side effects including belching, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, loose stools, rash, and nosebleeds. Taking fish oil supplements with meals or freezing them can often decrease these side effects.

Fish oil is POSSIBLY SAFE when injected intravenously (by IV) in the short-term. Fish oil or omega-3 fatty acid solutions have been safely used for 1 to 4 weeks.

Consuming large amounts of fish oil from some DIETARY sources is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Some fish meats (especially shark, king mackerel, and farm-raised salmon) can be contaminated with mercury and other industrial and environmental chemicals. Fish oil supplements typically do not contain these contaminants.

Precautions

Children: Fish oil is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. Fish oil has been used safely through feeding tubes in infants for up to 9 months. But young children should not eat more than two ounces of fish per week. Fish oil is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when consumed from dietary sources in large amounts. Fatty fish contain toxins such as mercury. Eating contaminated fish frequently can cause brain damage, mental retardation, blindness and seizures in children.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Fish oil is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. Taking fish oil during pregnancy does not seem to affect the fetus or baby while breast-feeding. Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant, and nursing mothers should avoid shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish (also called golden bass or golden snapper), as these may contain high levels of mercury. Limit consumption of other fish to 12 ounces/week (about 3 to 4 servings/week). Fish oil is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when dietary sources are consumed in large amounts. Fatty fish contain toxins such as mercury.

Bipolar disorder: Taking fish oil might increase some of the symptoms of this condition.

Liver disease: Fish oil might increase the risk of bleeding in people with liver scarring due to liver disease.

Depression: Taking fish oil might increase some of the symptoms of this condition.

Diabetes: There is some concern that taking high doses of fish oil might make the control of blood sugar more difficult.

Familial adenomatous polyposis: There is some concern that fish oil might further increase the risk of getting cancer in people with this condition.

High blood pressure: Fish oil can lower blood pressure and might cause blood pressure to drop too low in people who are being treated with blood pressure-lowering medications.

HIV/AIDS and other conditions in which the immune system response is lowered: Higher doses of fish oil can lower the body's immune system response. This could be a problem for people whose immune system is already weak.

An implanted defibrillator (a surgically placed device to prevent irregular heartbeat): Some, but not all, research suggests that fish oil might increase the risk of irregular heartbeat in patients with an implanted defibrillator. Stay on the safe side by avoiding fish oil supplements.

Fish or seafood allergy: Some people who are allergic to seafood such as fish might also be allergic to fish oil supplements. There is no reliable information showing how likely people with seafood allergy are to have an allergic reaction to fish oil. Until more is known, advise patients allergic to seafood to avoid or use fish oil supplements cautiously.

QUESTION

What is cholesterol? See Answer

Interactions

Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Birth control pills might interfere with the triglyceride-lowering effects of fish oil.

Some of these drugs include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Using fish oil with drugs that lower blood pressure may increase the effects of these drugs and may lower blood pressure too much.

Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Orlistat (Xenical, Alli) might keep the beneficial fatty acids in fish oil from being absorbed by the body. Taking fish oil and orlistat (Xenical, Alli) at least 2 hours apart may keep this from happening.

Medications for cancer (Chemotherapy)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some fish oil products contain small amounts of a fatty acid that is believed to stop certain chemotherapy drugs from working. However, the amount of this fatty acid in most fish oil products is probably too low to be a concern. Until more is known, you do not need to stop taking fish oil if you are also taking medications for cancer.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Using fish oil with medications that slow clotting may increase the risk of bleeding. However, conflicting data exists. Until more is known, use cautiously in combination with medications that slow blood clotting.

Some of these drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), dipyridamole (Persantine), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Warfarin (Coumadin)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Fish oil also might slow blood clotting. Taking fish oil with warfarin might slow blood clotting too much and increase the risk of bleeding. However, conflicting results suggests that fish oil does not increase the effects of warfarin. Until more is known, use cautiously in combination with warfarin. Have your blood checked regularly, as your dose of warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.

Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH:

  • For high triglycerides: 1-15 grams of fish oil daily for up to 6 months, or fish oil providing 1.45 to 2.70 grams of EPA and 1.05 to 1.80 grams of DHA daily for 2 to 12 weeks, has been used.
  • For heart disease: Fish oil containing 0.6-10 grams of DHA and/or EPA daily has been taken for one month to 9 years.
  • For preventing and reversing the progression of hardening of the arteries after angioplasty: 6 grams of fish oil daily starting one month before angioplasty and continuing for one months after, followed by 3 grams daily for 6 months thereafter has been used. Also, 15 grams of fish oil has been taken daily for 3 weeks before angioplasty and for 6 months thereafter.
  • For preventing miscarriage in women with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and a history of past miscarriage: 5.1 grams of fish oil with a 1.5 EPA:DHA ratio taken daily for 3 years has been used.
  • For attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A specific supplement containing 400 mg of fish oil and 100 mg of evening primrose oil (Eye Q, Novasel) six capsules daily for 15 weeks has been used. Also, 250 mg of a omega-3 fatty acids that have been complexed with phosphatidylserine have been used daily for 3 months.
  • For bipolar disorder: Fish oil providing 6.2 grams of EPA and 3.4 grams of DHA taken daily for 4 months has been used. Also, 1-6 grams of EPA for 12-16 weeks or omega-3 fatty acids containing 4.4-6.2 grams of EPA plus 2.4-3.4 grams of DHA for 4-16 weeks have been used.
  • For colorectal cancer: Fish oil (Omega-3, Phytomare, Governador Celso Ramos, SC, Brazil) 2 grams daily containing 360 mg of EPA and 240 mg of DHA for 9 weeks has been used alongside chemotherapy.
  • For slowing weight loss in patients with cancer: 30 mL of a specific fish oil product (ACO Omega-3, Pharmacia, Stockholm, Sweden) providing 4.9 grams of EPA and 3.2 grams of DHA daily for 4 weeks has been used. 7.5 grams of fish oil daily providing EPA 4.7 grams and DHA 2.8 grams has been used for about 6 weeks. In addition, two cans of a fish oil nutritional supplement containing 1.09 grams of EPA and 0.96 grams of DHA per can have been used daily for up to 7 weeks.
  • For keeping veins open after coronary bypass surgery: 4 grams of fish oil containing 2.04 grams of EPA and 1.3 grams of DHA has been used daily for one year.
  • For dry eye: Fish oil supplements providing EPA 360-1680 mg and DHA 240-560 mg have been used for 4-12 weeks. Some people used the specific product (PRN Dry Eye Omega Benefits softgels). A specific combination product containing EPA 450 mg, DHA 300 mg, and flaxseed oil 1000 mg (TheraTears Nutrition, Advanced Nutrition Research) has been used once daily for 90 days.
  • For high blood pressure caused by the drug cyclosporine: 3 to 4 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily for 6 months after a heart transplant has been used. 2-18 grams of fish oil daily for 1 to 12 months after a kidney transplant has also been used.
  • For kidney problems related to using cyclosporine to prevent organ transplant rejection: 12 grams of fish oil daily for 2 months has been used after liver transplant. Also, 6 grams of fish oil daily for up to 3 months after kidney transplant has been used.
  • For painful menstrual periods: A daily dose of 1080 mg of EPA and 720 mg DHA along with 1.5 mg of vitamin E daily for 2 months has been used. Also, 500-2500 mg of fish oil has been used daily for 2-4 months.
  • For heart failure: 600 to 4300 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily for up to 12 months has been used. Also, 1 gram of fish oil daily for about 2.9 years has been used.
  • Heart transplant: 4 grams of fish oil containing 46.5% EPA and 37.8% of DHA daily for one year has been used.
  • For abnormal cholesterol caused by HIV/AIDS treatment: Two capsules of a specific fish oil supplement (Omacor, Pronova BioPharma, Norway) containing 460 mg of EPA plus 380 mg of DHA twice daily for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For high blood pressure: 4 to 15 grams of fish oil daily, taken in single or divided doses, for up to 36 weeks has been used. Also, 3-15 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily for 4 weeks has been used.
  • For preserving kidney function in patients with severe IgA nephropathy: 1-12 grams of fish oil daily for 2-4 years has been used. Also, 3 grams of fish oil in combination with a drug called renin-angiotensin system blocker (RASB) daily for 6 months has been used.
  • For weak bones (osteoporosis): Four 500 mg capsules of a mixture of evening primrose and fish oil, taken three times daily with meals along with 600 mg of calcium carbonate for 18 months, has been used.
  • For psoriasis: Fish oil capsules containing 3.6 grams of EPA and 2.4 grams of DHA daily for 15 weeks along with UVB therapy have been used.
  • For psychosis: Fish oil capsules containing 700 mg of EPA and 480 mg of DHA mixed with tocopherols and other omega-3 fatty acids daily for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For Raynaud's syndrome: A daily dose of 3.96 grams of EPA and 2.64 grams of DHA for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For abnormal cholesterol levels following a kidney transplant: 6 grams of fish oil daily for 3 months has been used.
  • For rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 10 grams of fish oil daily for 6 months, or fish oil containing 0.5-4.6 grams of EPA and 0.2-3.0 grams of DHA, sometimes along with vitamin E 15 IU, daily for up to 15 months has been used.
BY IV:
  • For psoriasis: 100-200 mL of a specific fish oil solution containing 2.1 to 4.2 grams of EPA and 2.1 to 4.2 grams of DHA (Omegavenous, Fresenius, Oberursel, Germany), given daily for 10 to 14 days, has been used.
  • For rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 0.1-0.2 mg/kg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil daily for 7 days has been used. Also, 0.2 grams/kg of a specific fish oil solution (Omegaven, Fresenius-Kabi) daily for 14 consecutive days, followed by 0.05 grams of fish oil by mouth daily for 20 weeks, have been used.
APPLIED TO THE SKIN:
  • For psoriasis: Applying fish oil under a dressing for 6 hours daily for 4 weeks has been used.
CHILDREN

BY MOUTH:

  • For developmental coordination disorder in children: Fish oil providing 558 mg of EPA and 174 mg of DHA in three divided doses daily for 3 months has been used in children aged 5-12 years.
  • For improving movement disorders in children with poor coordination (dyspraxia): A specific supplement containing fish oil in combination with evening primrose oil, thyme oil, and vitamin E (Efalex, Efamol Ltd), taken daily for 4 months, has been used.

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References

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Almallah, Y. Z., Richardson, S., O'Hanrahan, T., Mowat, N. A., Brunt, P. W., Sinclair, T. S., Ewen, S., Heys, S. D., and Eremin, O. Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):804-809. View abstract.

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Arm, J. P., Horton, C. E., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., House, F., Eiser, N. M., Clark, T. J., Spur, B. W., and Lee, T. H. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax 1988;43(2):84-92. View abstract.

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Asserhoj, M., Nehammer, S., Matthiessen, J., Michaelsen, K. F., and Lauritzen, L. Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation may adversely affect long-term blood pressure, energy intake, and physical activity of 7-year-old boys. J.Nutr. 2009;139(2):298-304. View abstract.

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Augood, C., Chakravarthy, U., Young, I., Vioque, J., de Jong, P. T., Bentham, G., Rahu, M., Seland, J., Soubrane, G., Tomazzoli, L., Topouzis, F., Vingerling, J. R., and Fletcher, A. E. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):398-406. View abstract.

Aupperle, R. L., Denney, D. R., Lynch, S. G., Carlson, S. E., and Sullivan, D. K. Omega-3 fatty acids and multiple sclerosis: relationship to depression. J Behav Med 2008;31(2):127-135. View abstract.

Badia-Tahull, M. B., Llop-Talaveron, J. M., Leiva-Badosa, E., Biondo, S., Farran-Teixido, L., Ramon-Torrell, J. M., and Jodar-Masanes, R. A randomised study on the clinical progress of high-risk elective major gastrointestinal surgery patients treated with olive oil-based parenteral nutrition with or without a fish oil supplement. Br.J.Nutr. 2010;104(5):737-741. View abstract.

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Bairati, I., Roy, L., and Meyer, F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol 1992;8(1):41-46. View abstract.

Bakker DJ, Haberstroh BN, Philbrick DJ, and et al. Triglyceride lowering in nephrotic syndrome patients consuming a fish oil concentrate. Nutrit Res 1989;9:27-34.

Balestrieri, G. P., Maffi, V., Sleiman, I., Spandrio, S., Di Stefano, O., Salvi, A., and Scalvini, T. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Recenti Prog Med 1996;87(3):102-105. View abstract.

Balk, E., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A., Chew, P., Kupelnick, B., Lawrence, A., DeVine, D., and Lau, J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(93):1-6. View abstract.

Barber, M. D., Ross, J. A., Preston, T., Shenkin, A., and Fearon, K. C. Fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement attenuates progression of the acute-phase response in weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Nutr 1999;129(6):1120-1125. View abstract.

Barberger-Gateau, P., Raffaitin, C., Letenneur, L., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Dartigues, J. F., and Alperovitch, A. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the Three-City cohort study. Neurology 11-13-2007;69(20):1921-1930. View abstract.

Barbir, M., Hunt, B., Kushwaha, S., Kehely, A., Prescot, R., Thompson, G. R., Mitchell, A., and Yacoub, M. Maxepa versus bezafibrate in hyperlipidemic cardiac transplant recipients. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-15-1992;70(20):1596-1601. View abstract.

Barbosa, V. M., Miles, E. A., Calhau, C., Lafuente, E., and Calder, P. C. Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Crit Care 2010;14(1):R5. View abstract.

Baril, J. G., Kovacs, C. M., Trottier, S., Roederer, G., Martel, A. Y., Ackad, N., Koulis, T., and Sampalis, J. S. Effectiveness and tolerability of oral administration of low-dose salmon oil to HIV patients with HAART-associated dyslipidemia. HIV.Clin.Trials 2007;8(6):400-411. View abstract.

Baro, L., Fonolla, J., Pena, J. L., Martinez-Ferez, A., Lucena, A., Jimenez, J., Boza, J. J., and Lopez-Huertas, E. n-3 Fatty acids plus oleic acid and vitamin supplemented milk consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol, homocysteine and levels of endothelial adhesion molecules in healthy humans. Clin.Nutr. 2003;22(2):175-182. View abstract.

Bartelt, S., Timm, M., Damsgaard, C. T., Hansen, E. W., Hansen, H. S., and Lauritzen, L. The effect of dietary fish oil-supplementation to healthy young men on oxidative burst measured by whole blood chemiluminescence. Br J Nutr 2008;99(6):1230-1238. View abstract.

Bartram, H. P., Gostner, A., Scheppach, W., Reddy, B. S., Rao, C. V., Dusel, G., Richter, F., Richter, A., and Kasper, H. Effects of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation, mucosal fatty acids, and prostaglandin E2 release in healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 1993;105(5):1317-1322. View abstract.

Batchelor, J. M., Grindlay, D. J., and Williams, H. C. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2008 and 2009. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2010;35(8):823-827. View abstract.

Bates, D., Cartlidge, N. E., French, J. M., Jackson, M. J., Nightingale, S., Shaw, D. A., Smith, S., Woo, E., Hawkins, S. A., Millar, J. H., and . A double-blind controlled trial of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52(1):18-22. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., and Williams, H. C. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD005205. View abstract.

Bays, H. E., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., and Stein, E. The effect of prescription omega-3 fatty acids on body weight after 8 to 16 weeks of treatment for very high triglyceride levels. Postgrad.Med 2009;121(5):145-150. View abstract.

Bays, H. E., McKenney, J., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., Carter, R. N., and Stein, E. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on non--high-density lipoprotein cholesterol when coadministered with escalating doses of atorvastatin. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85(2):122-128. View abstract.

Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effect of over-the-counter fish-oil administration on plasma Lp(a) levels in an end-stage renal disease population. J Ren Nutr 2009;19(6):443-449. View abstract.

Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and total homocysteine levels in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrology.(Carlton.) 2008;13(4):284-288. View abstract.

Beblo, S., Reinhardt, H., Demmelmair, H., Muntau, A. C., and Koletzko, B. Effect of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria. J.Pediatr. 2007;150(5):479-484. View abstract.

Beckles WN, Elliott TM, and Everard ML. Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2001;(3)

Beckles, W. I., Elliott, T. M., and Everard, M. L. Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database.Syst Rev 2002;(3.):CD002201. View abstract.

Belalcazar, L. M., Reboussin, D. M., Haffner, S. M., Reeves, R. S., Schwenke, D. C., Hoogeveen, R. C., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., and Ballantyne, C. M. Marine omega-3 fatty acid intake: associations with cardiometabolic risk and response to weight loss intervention in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. Diabetes Care 2010;33(1):197-199. View abstract.

Belanger, S. A., Vanasse, M., Spahis, S., Sylvestre, M. P., Lippe, S., L'heureux, F., Ghadirian, P., Vanasse, C. M., and Levy, E. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Paediatr.Child Health 2009;14(2):89-98. View abstract.

Bell, J. G., MacKinlay, E. E., Dick, J. R., MacDonald, D. J., Boyle, R. M., and Glen, A. C. Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2004;71(4):201-204. View abstract.

Bell, J. G., Miller, D., MacDonald, D. J., MacKinlay, E. E., Dick, J. R., Cheseldine, S., Boyle, R. M., Graham, C., and O'Hare, A. E. The fatty acid compositions of erythrocyte and plasma polar lipids in children with autism, developmental delay or typically developing controls and the effect of fish oil intake. Br J Nutr 2010;103(8):1160-1167. View abstract.

Bell, S. J., Chavali, S., Bistrian, B. R., Connolly, C. A., Utsunomiya, T., and Forse, R. A. Dietary fish oil and cytokine and eicosanoid production during human immunodeficiency virus infection. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(1):43-49. View abstract.

Bellino, S., Rinaldi, C., Bozzatello, P., and Bogetto, F. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: a systematic review for publication purpose. Curr.Med.Chem. 2011;18(22):3322-3329. View abstract.

Belluzzi A, Campieri M, Belloli C, and et al. A new enteric coated preparation of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of post-surgical recurrence in Crohn's disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997;112(Suppl):A930.

Bemelmans, W. J., Broer, J., de Vries, J. H., Hulshof, K. F., May, J. F., and Meyboom-de, Jong B. Impact of Mediterranean diet education versus posted leaflet on dietary habits and serum cholesterol in a high risk population for cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(3):273-283. View abstract.

Bemelmans, W. J., Broer, J., Feskens, E. J., Smit, A. J., Muskiet, F. A., Lefrandt, J. D., Bom, V. J., May, J. F., and Meyboom-de Jong, B. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(2):221-227. View abstract.

Benito, P., Caballero, J., Moreno, J., Gutierrez-Alcantara, C., Munoz, C., Rojo, G., Garcia, S., and Soriguer, F. C. Effects of milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin.Nutr. 2006;25(4):581-587. View abstract.

Bennett, W. M., Carpenter, C. B., Shapiro, M. E., Strom, T. B., Hefty, D., Tillman, M., Abrams, J., Ryan, D., and Kelley, V. R. Delayed omega-3 fatty acid supplements in renal transplantation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Transplantation 2-15-1995;59(3):352-356. View abstract.

Bennett, W. M., Walker, R. G., and Kincaid-Smith, P. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with eicosapentanoic acid (EPA): a two- year prospective trial. Clin Nephrol 1989;31(3):128-131. View abstract.

Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., and Hendren, R. L. Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Autism Dev.Disord 2009;39(8):1145-1154. View abstract.

Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., Ashwood, P., Bostrom, A., and Hendren, R. L. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J.Autism Dev.Disord. 2011;41(5):545-554. View abstract.

Berbert, A. A., Kondo, C. R., Almendra, C. L., Matsuo, T., and Dichi, I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005;21(2):131-136. View abstract.

Berger, G. E., Proffitt, T. M., McConchie, M., Yuen, H., Wood, S. J., Amminger, G. P., Brewer, W., and McGorry, P. D. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2007;68(12):1867-1875. View abstract.

Berger, M. M., Tappy, L., Revelly, J. P., Koletzko, B. V., Gepert, J., Corpataux, J. M., Cayeux, M. C., and Chiolero, R. L. Fish oil after abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(9):1116-1122. View abstract.

Bergmann, R. L., Haschke-Becher, E., Klassen-Wigger, P., Bergmann, K. E., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., Grathwohl, D., and Haschke, F. Supplementation with 200 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid from mid-pregnancy through lactation improves the docosahexaenoic acid status of mothers with a habitually low fish intake and of their infants. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;52(2):157-166. View abstract.

Berry, J. D., Prineas, R. J., van, Horn L., Passman, R., Larson, J., Goldberger, J., Snetselaar, L., Tinker, L., Liu, K., and Lloyd-Jones, D. M. Dietary fish intake and incident atrial fibrillation (from the Women's Health Initiative). Am.J.Cardiol. 3-15-2010;105(6):844-848. View abstract.

Berthoux, F. C., Guerin, C., Burgard, G., Berthoux, P., and Alamartine, E. One-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid-fish oil in clinical renal transplantation. Transplant.Proc 1992;24(6):2578-2582. View abstract.

Bethune, C., Seierstad, S. L., Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Meltzer, H. M., Rosenlund, G., Froyland, L., and Lundebye, A. K. Dietary intake of differently fed salmon: a preliminary study on contaminants. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(3):193-201. View abstract.

Bianconi, L Calo L Mennuni M Santini L Morosetti P Azzolini P Barbato G Biscione F Romano P Santini M. N-3 PUFAs for the prevention of arrhythmia recurrence after electrical cardioversion of chronic persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. Europace 2011;13:174-181.

Bianconi, L., Calo, L., Mennuni, M., Santini, L., Morosetti, P., Azzolini, P., Barbato, G., Biscione, F., Romano, P., and Santini, M. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the prevention of arrhythmia recurrence after electrical cardioversion of chronic persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. Europace. 2011;13(2):174-181. View abstract.

Biltagi, M. A., Baset, A. A., Bassiouny, M., Kasrawi, M. A., and Attia, M. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn supplementation in asthmatic children: a randomized self-controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(4):737-742. View abstract.

Birch, E. E., Carlson, S. E., Hoffman, D. R., Fitzgerald-Gustafson, K. M., Fu, V. L., Drover, J. R., Castaneda, Y. S., Minns, L., Wheaton, D. K., Mundy, D., Marunycz, J., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):848-859. View abstract.

Bjorkkjaer, T., Brunborg, L. A., Arslan, G., Lind, R. A., Brun, J. G., Valen, M., Klementsen, B., Berstad, A., and Froyland, L. Reduced joint pain after short-term duodenal administration of seal oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with soy oil. Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 2004;39(11):1088-1094. View abstract.

Bjorneboe, A., Smith, A. K., Bjorneboe, G. E., Thune, P. O., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;118(1):77-83. View abstract.

Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G. E., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br.J Dermatol 1987;117(4):463-469. View abstract.

Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G. E., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atopic dermatitis. J Intern.Med.Suppl 1989;225(731):233-236. View abstract.

Bjornsson, S., Hardardottir, I., Gunnarsson, E., and Haraldsson, A. Dietary fish oil supplementation increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1997;29(5):491-493. View abstract.

Bloch, M. H. and Qawasmi, A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J.Am.Acad.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2011;50(10):991-1000. View abstract.

Block, R. C., Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. EPA and DHA in blood cell membranes from acute coronary syndrome patients and controls. Atherosclerosis 2008;197(2):821-828. View abstract.

Blok, W. L., Deslypere, J. P., Demacker, P. N., van, der, V, Hectors, M. P., van der Meer, J. W., and Katan, M. B. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(12):1003-1008. View abstract.

Boberg, M., Pollare, T., Siegbahn, A., and Vessby, B. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22(10):645-650. View abstract.

Boberg, M., Vessby, B., and Selinus, I. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Acta Med Scand 1986;220(2):153-160. View abstract.

Bonaa, K. H., Bjerve, K. S., Straume, B., Gram, I. T., and Thelle, D. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. N Engl J Med 3-22-1990;322(12):795-801. View abstract.

Bonis, P. A., Chung, M., Tatsioni, A., Sun, Y., Kupelnick, B., Lichtenstein, A., Perrone, R., Chew, P., DeVine, D., and Lau, J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on organ transplantation. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(115):1-11. View abstract.

Bonnema SJ, Jespersen L T Marving J. et al. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 1995;8(2):81-87.

Borchgrevink, C. F., Skaga, E., Berg, K. J., and Skjaeggestad, O. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet 7-23-1966;2(7456):187-189. View abstract.

Borgeson, C. E., Pardini, L., Pardini, R. S., and Reitz, R. C. Effects of dietary fish oil on human mammary carcinoma and on lipid- metabolizing enzymes. Lipids 1989;24(4):290-295. View abstract.

Bortolotti, M., Tappy, L., and Schneiter, P. Fish oil supplementation does not alter energy efficiency in healthy males. Clin Nutr 2007;26(2):225-230. View abstract.

Bosch, J., Gerstein, H. C., Dagenais, G. R., Diaz, R., Dyal, L., Jung, H., Maggiono, A. P., Probstfield, J., Ramachandran, A., Riddle, M. C., Ryden, L. E., and Yusuf, S. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 7-26-2012;367(4):309-318. View abstract.

Bot, M., Pouwer, F., Assies, J., Jansen, E. H., Diamant, M., Snoek, F. J., Beekman, A. T., and de, Jonge P. Eicosapentaenoic acid as an add-on to antidepressant medication for co-morbid major depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J.Affect.Disord. 2010;126(1-2):282-286. View abstract.

Bougle, D., Denise, P., Vimard, F., Nouvelot, A., Penneillo, M. J., and Guillois, B. Early neurological and neuropsychological development of the preterm infant and polyunsaturated fatty acids supply. Clin.Neurophysiol. 1999;110(8):1363-1370. View abstract.

Bouwens, M., van de Rest, O., Dellschaft, N., Bromhaar, M. G., de Groot, L. C., Geleijnse, J. M., Muller, M., and Afman, L. A. Fish-oil supplementation induces antiinflammatory gene expression profiles in human blood mononuclear cells. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(2):415-424. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Jitomir, J., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid levels in endstage renal disease patients. J.Ren Nutr. 2009;19(4):259-266. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Deike, E., and Gentile, M. Fish oil supplementation lowers C-reactive protein levels independent of triglyceride reduction in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nutr.Clin.Pract. 2009;24(4):508-512. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Gentile, M., Ounpraseuth, S., Moore, P., and Leutholtz, B. C. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. J Ren Nutr 2007;17(2):126-131. View abstract.

Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Nespoli, L., Radaelli, G., and Di, Carlo, V. Nutritional approach in malnourished surgical patients: a prospective randomized study. Arch.Surg. 2002;137(2):174-180. View abstract.

Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Radaelli, G., Vignali, A., Mari, G., Gentilini, O., and Di, Carlo, V. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch.Surg. 1999;134(4):428-433. View abstract.

Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Vignali, A., and Carlo, V. D. Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer. Surgery 2002;132(5):805-814. View abstract.

Braga, M., Vignali, A., Gianotti, L., Cestari, A., Profili, M., and Di, Carlo, V. Benefits of early postoperative enteral feeding in cancer patients. Infusionsther.Transfusionsmed. 1995;22(5):280-284. View abstract.

Brouwer RM, Wenting GJ, Pos B, and et al. Fish oil ameliorates established cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity after heart transplantation [abstract]. Kidney Int 1991;40:347-348.

Brouwer, I. A., Heeringa, J., Geleijnse, J. M., Zock, P. L., and Witteman, J. C. Intake of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish and incidence of atrial fibrillation. The Rotterdam Study. Am.Heart J. 2006;151(4):857-862. View abstract.

Brouwer, I. A., Katan, M. B., and Zock, P. L. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on arrhythmic events and mortality in the SOFA implantable cardioverter defibrillator trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(6):1554-1555. View abstract.

Browne, J. C., Scott, K. M., and Silvers, K. M. Fish consumption in pregnancy and omega-3 status after birth are not associated with postnatal depression. J.Affect.Disord. 2006;90(2-3):131-139. View abstract.

Brude, I. R., Finstad, H. S., Seljeflot, I., Drevon, C. A., Solvoll, K., Sandstad, B., Hjermann, I., Arnesen, H., and Nenseter, M. S. Plasma homocysteine concentration related to diet, endothelial function and mononuclear cell gene expression among male hyperlipidaemic smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 1999;29(2):100-108. View abstract.

Buck AC, Jenkins A, Lingam K, and et al. The treatment of idiopathic recurrent urolithiasis with fish oil (EPA) and evening primrose oil (GLA) - a double blind study [abstract]. J Urol 1993;149:253A.

Buck, A. C., Davies, R. L., and Harrison, T. The protective role of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1991;146(1):188-194. View abstract.

Buckley, J. D., Burgess, S., Murphy, K. J., and Howe, P. R. DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12(4):503-507. View abstract.

Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, and Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;102:123-126.

Bureyko, T., Hurdle, H., Metcalfe, J. B., Clandinin, M. T., and Mazurak, V. C. Reduced growth and integrin expression of prostate cells cultured with lycopene, vitamin E and fish oil in vitro. Br J Nutr 2009;101(7):990-997. View abstract.

Burr, M. L. Fish and the cardiovascular system. Prog.Food Nutr Sci 1989;13(3-4):291-316. View abstract.

Burr, M. L., Sweetham, P. M., and Fehily, A. M. Diet and reinfarction. Eur Heart J 1994;15(8):1152-1153. View abstract.

Busnach, G., Stragliotto, E., Minetti, E., Perego, A., Brando, B., Broggi, M. L., and Civati, G. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in kidney graft recipients: a randomized placebo- controlled study. J Nephrol. 1998;11(2):87-93. View abstract.

Buydens-Branch, Branchey, M., and Hibbeln, J. R. Low plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid are associated with an increased relapse vulnerability in substance abusers. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):73-80. View abstract.

Cabre, E., Manosa, M., and Gassull, M. A. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory bowel diseases - a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S240-S252. View abstract.

Calabrese, J. R., Rapport, D. J., and Shelton, M. D. Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 1999;56(5):413-414. View abstract.

Caniato, R. N., Alvarenga, M. E., and Garcia-Alcaraz, M. A. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the lipid profile of patients taking clozapine. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40(8):691-697. View abstract.

Capanni, M., Calella, F., Biagini, M. R., Genise, S., Raimondi, L., Bedogni, G., Svegliati-Baroni, G., Sofi, F., Milani, S., Abbate, R., Surrenti, C., and Casini, A. Prolonged n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 4-15-2006;23(8):1143-1151. View abstract.

Carlson, S. E., Cooke, R. J., Werkman, S. H., and Tolley, E. A. First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids 1992;27(11):901-907. View abstract.

Carlson, S. E., Rhodes, P. G., Rao, V. S., and Goldgar, D. E. Effect of fish oil supplementation on the n-3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes in preterm infants. Pediatr.Res 1987;21(5):507-510. View abstract.

Carlson, S. E., Werkman, S. H., and Tolley, E. A. Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am.J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(5):687-697. View abstract.

Carrero JJ, Lopez-Huertas E Salmeron LM Ramos VE Baro L Ros E. Simvastatin and supplementation with n-3 PUFAs and vitamins improves claudication distance in a randomized PILOT study in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Nutr Res 2006;26:637-643.

Carrero, J. J., Fonolla, J., Marti, J. L., Jimenez, J., Boza, J. J., and Lopez-Huertas, E. Intake of fish oil, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E for 1 year decreases plasma C-reactive protein and reduces coronary heart disease risk factors in male patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. J.Nutr. 2007;137(2):384-390. View abstract.

Carrero, J. J., Lopez-Huertas, E., Salmeron, L. M., Baro, L., and Ros, E. Daily supplementation with (n-3) PUFAs, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E increases pain-free walking distance and improves risk factors in men with peripheral vascular disease. J.Nutr. 2005;135(6):1393-1399. View abstract.

Carroll, K. K. Biological effects of fish oils in relation to chronic diseases. Lipids 1986;21(12):731-732. View abstract.

Carter, V. M., Woolley, I., Jolley, D., Nyulasi, I., Mijch, A., and Dart, A. A randomised controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected males on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Health 2006;3(4):287-290. View abstract.

Castro, R., Queiros, J., Fonseca, I., Pimentel, J. P., Henriques, A. C., Sarmento, A. M., Guimaraes, S., and Pereira, M. C. Therapy of post-renal transplantation hyperlipidaemia: comparative study with simvastatin and fish oil. Nephrol Dial.Transplant. 1997;12(10):2140-2143. View abstract.

Caughey, G. E., James, M. J., Proudman, S. M., and Cleland, L. G. Fish oil supplementation increases the cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Complement Ther.Med. 2010;18(3-4):171-174. View abstract.

Caygill, C. P. and Hill, M. J. Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4(4):329-332. View abstract.

Cederholm, T. and Palmblad, J. Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia? Curr Opin.Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13(2):150-155. View abstract.

Cerchietti, L. C., Navigante, A. H., and Castro, M. A. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer. Nutr.Cancer 2007;59(1):14-20. View abstract.

Chalon, S. Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(4-5):259-269. View abstract.

Chan, D. C., Watts, G. F., Barrett, P. H., Beilin, L. J., and Mori, T. A. Effect of atorvastatin and fish oil on plasma high-sensitivity C- reactive protein concentrations in individuals with visceral obesity. Clin Chem 2002;48(6 Pt 1):877-883. View abstract.

Chan, D. C., Watts, G. F., Mori, T. A., Barrett, P. H., Beilin, L. J., and Redgrave, T. G. Factorial study of the effects of atorvastatin and fish oil on dyslipidaemia in visceral obesity. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 2002;32(6):429-436. View abstract.

Chen R, Guo Q Zhu WJ Xie Q Wang H Cai W. Therapeutic efficacy of (omega)-3 PUFA capsule in treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World Chin J Digestol 2008;16:2002-2006.

Chen, Q., Cheng, L. Q., Xiao, T. H., Zhang, Y. X., Zhu, M., Zhang, R., Li, K., Wang, Y., and Li, Y. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid for sudden cardiac death prevention in patients with cardiovascular disease: a contemporary meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther. 2011;25(3):259-265. View abstract.

Cheng, J. W. and Santoni, F. Omega-3 fatty acid: a role in the management of cardiac arrhythmias? J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(8):965-974. View abstract.

Cheung, H. M., Lam, H. S., Tam, Y. H., Lee, K. H., and Ng, P. C. Rescue treatment of infants with intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) using a parenteral fish-oil-based lipid. Clin Nutr 2009;28(2):209-212. View abstract.

Chiu, C. C., Huang, S. Y., Chen, C. C., and Su, K. P. Omega-3 fatty acids are more beneficial in the depressive phase than in the manic phase in patients with bipolar I disorder. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2005;66(12):1613-1614. View abstract.

Chiu, C. C., Huang, S. Y., Shen, W. W., and Su, K. P. Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(2):385. View abstract.

Chong, M. F., Lockyer, S., Saunders, C. J., and Lovegrove, J. A. Long chain n-3 PUFA-rich meal reduced postprandial measures of arterial stiffness. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):678-681. View abstract.

Christensen JH, Gustenhoff P, Ejlersen E, and et al. n-3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Nutr Res 1995;15(1):1-8.

Christensen, J. H., Gustenhoff, P., Korup, E., Aaroe, J., Toft, E., Moller, J., Rasmussen, K., Dyerberg, J., and Schmidt, E. B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 3-16-1996;312(7032):677-678. View abstract.

Chua, B., Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):981-986. View abstract.

Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Merkel, K. L., Harris, C. L., Springer, M. A., Hansen, J. W., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J Pediatr 2005;146(4):461-468. View abstract.

Clark, W. F. and Parbtani, A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;23(5):644-647. View abstract.

Clayton, E. H., Hanstock, T. L., Hirneth, S. J., Kable, C. J., Garg, M. L., and Hazell, P. L. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;63(8):1037-1040. View abstract.

Cleland, L. G., Caughey, G. E., James, M. J., and Proudman, S. M. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with longterm fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006;33(10):1973-1979. View abstract.

Cleland, L. G., French, J. K., Betts, W. H., Murphy, G. A., and Elliott, M. J. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1988;15(10):1471-1475. View abstract.

Cobiac, L., Clifton, P. M., Abbey, M., Belling, G. B., and Nestel, P. J. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1210-1216. View abstract.

Cobiac, L., Nestel, P. J., Wing, L. M., and Howe, P. R. Effects of dietary sodium restriction and fish oil supplements on blood pressure in the elderly. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18(5):265-268. View abstract.

Colangelo, L. A., He, K., Whooley, M. A., Daviglus, M. L., and Liu, K. Higher dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in women. Nutrition 2009;25(10):1011-1019. View abstract.

Colter, A. L., Cutler, C., and Meckling, K. A. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutr J 2008;7:8. View abstract.

Conklin, S. M., Harris, J. I., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers. Psychiatry Res 7-30-2007;152(1):1-10. View abstract.

Conklin, S. M., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Flory, J. D., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom.Med. 2007;69(9):932-934. View abstract.

Connor, W. E., Prince, M. J., Ullmann, D., Riddle, M., Hatcher, L., Smith, F. E., and Wilson, D. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:337-340. View abstract.

Conquer, J. A., Cheryk, L. A., Chan, E., Gentry, P. A., and Holub, B. J. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb.Res 11-1-1999;96(3):239-250. View abstract.

Contacos, C., Barter, P. J., and Sullivan, D. R. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler.Thromb. 1993;13(12):1755-1762. View abstract.

Conway K, Dillon M, Evans J, Howells-Jones R, Price P, and Harding KG. A double-blinded, randomised study to determine the effect of omega-3-marine triglycerides on intermittent claudication. Yearbook 2005, The Vascular Society of Great Britain & Ireland 2005;

Cornish, S. M. and Chilibeck, P. D. Alpha-linolenic acid supplementation and resistance training in older adults. Appl.Physiol Nutr.Metab 2009;34(1):49-59. View abstract.

Culp, B. R., Lands, W. E., Lucches, B. R., Pitt, B., and Romson, J. The effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil on experimental myocardial infarction. Prostaglandins 1980;20(6):1021-1031. View abstract.

Cussons, A. J., Watts, G. F., Mori, T. A., and Stuckey, B. G. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial employing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2009;94(10):3842-3848. View abstract.

da Silva, T. M., Munhoz, R. P., Alvarez, C., Naliwaiko, K., Kiss, A., Andreatini, R., and Ferraz, A. C. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;111(2-3):351-359. View abstract.

Daly, J. M., Weintraub, F. N., Shou, J., Rosato, E. F., and Lucia, M. Enteral nutrition during multimodality therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann.Surg. 1995;221(4):327-338. View abstract.

Damsgaard, C. T., Frokiaer, H., Andersen, A. D., and Lauritzen, L. Fish oil in combination with high or low intakes of linoleic acid lowers plasma triacylglycerols but does not affect other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. J.Nutr. 2008;138(6):1061-1066. View abstract.

Damsgaard, C. T., Schack-Nielsen, L., Michaelsen, K. F., Fruekilde, M. B., Hels, O., and Lauritzen, L. Fish oil affects blood pressure and the plasma lipid profile in healthy Danish infants. J Nutr 2006;136(1):94-99. View abstract.

Dangour, A. D., Allen, E., Elbourne, D., Fasey, N., Fletcher, A. E., Hardy, P., Holder, G. E., Knight, R., Letley, L., Richards, M., and Uauy, R. Effect of 2-y n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;91(6):1725-1732. View abstract.

Danno, K. and Sugie, N. Combination therapy with low-dose etretinate and eicosapentaenoic acid for psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol. 1998;25(11):703-705. View abstract.

Darlington LG, Sanders TAB Ramsey NW Hinds A. Rheumatoid arthritis-olive and fish oil? Personal communication by the authors. 9999;1.

Das Gupta, A. B., Hossain, A. K., Islam, M. H., Dey, S. R., and Khan, A. L. Role of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation with indomethacin in suppression of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Bangladesh Med.Res.Counc.Bull. 2009;35(2):63-68. View abstract.

Davidson, M. H., Stein, E. A., Bays, H. E., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., Shalwitz, R. A., Ballantyne, C. M., and Ginsberg, H. N. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2007;29(7):1354-1367. View abstract.

Davis, W., Rockway, S., and Kwasny, M. Effect of a combined therapeutic approach of intensive lipid management, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and increased serum 25 (OH) vitamin D on coronary calcium scores in asymptomatic adults. Am J Ther 2009;16(4):326-332. View abstract.

Dawczynski, C., Martin, L., Wagner, A., and Jahreis, G. n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over study. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):592-599. View abstract.

Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., Hein, G., Muller, A., Eidner, T., Vogelsang, H., Basu, S., and Jahreis, G. Long-term moderate intervention with n-3 long-chain PUFA-supplemented dairy products: effects on pathophysiological biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;101(10):1517-1526. View abstract.

de Deckere, E. A. Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer. Eur.J Cancer Prev. 1999;8(3):213-221. View abstract.

De Ley, M., de, Vos R., Hommes, D. W., and Stokkers, P. Fish oil for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(4):CD005986. View abstract.

de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J. L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., and Mamelle, N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 2-16-1999;99(6):779-785.

de Luis, D. A., Izaola, O., Aller, R., Cuellar, L., Terroba, M. C., and Martin, T. A randomized clinical trial with two omega 3 fatty acid enhanced oral supplements in head and neck cancer ambulatory patients. Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol.Sci. 2008;12(3):177-181. View abstract.

De Truchis, P., Kirstetter, M., Perier, A., Meunier, C., Zucman, D., Force, G., Doll, J., Katlama, C., Rozenbaum, W., Masson, H., Gardette, J., and Melchior, J. C. Reduction in triglyceride level with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in HIV-infected patients taking potent antiretroviral therapy: a randomized prospective study. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 3-1-2007;44(3):278-285. View abstract.

De Vizia, B., Raia, V., Spano, C., Pavlidis, C., Coruzzo, A., and Alessio, M. Effect of an 8-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) in patients with cystic fibrosis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2003;27(1):52-57. View abstract.

Deck, C. and Radack, K. Effects of modest doses of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(8):1857-1862. View abstract.

DeFina, L. F., Marcoux, L. G., Devers, S. M., Cleaver, J. P., and Willis, B. L. Effects of omega-3 supplementation in combination with diet and exercise on weight loss and body composition. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):455-462. View abstract.

DeGiorgio, C. M., Miller, P., Meymandi, S., and Gornbein, J. A. n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) for epilepsy, cardiac risk factors, and risk of SUDEP: clues from a pilot, double-blind, exploratory study. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(4):681-684. View abstract.

Dehmer, G. J., Popma, J. J., van den Berg, E. K., Eichhorn, E. J., Prewitt, J. B., Campbell, W. B., Jennings, L., Willerson, J. T., and Schmitz, J. M. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N.Engl.J Med 9-22-1988;319(12):733-740. View abstract.

Dekker, L. H., Fijnvandraat, K., Brabin, B. J., and van Hensbroek, M. B. Micronutrients and sickle cell disease, effects on growth, infection and vaso-occlusive crisis: a systematic review. Pediatr.Blood Cancer 2012;59(2):211-215. View abstract.

Delarue, J., Guillodo, M. P., Guillerm, S., Elbaz, A., Marty, Y., and Cledes, J. Fish oil attenuates adrenergic overactivity without altering glucose metabolism during an oral glucose load in haemodialysis patients. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1041-1047. View abstract.

Delgado-Lista, J., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., and Perez-Jimenez, F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S201-S213. View abstract.

Demke, D. M., Peters, G. R., Linet, O. I., Metzler, C. M., and Klott, K. A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):73-80. View abstract.

Demonty, I., Chan, Y. M., Pelled, D., and Jones, P. J. Fish-oil esters of plant sterols improve the lipid profile of dyslipidemic subjects more than do fish-oil or sunflower oil esters of plant sterols. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(6):1534-1542. View abstract.

Denburg, J. A., Hatfield, H. M., Cyr, M. M., Hayes, L., Holt, P. G., Sehmi, R., Dunstan, J. A., and Prescott, S. L. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal progenitors at birth in infants at risk of atopy. Pediatr.Res. 2005;57(2):276-281. View abstract.

Deschner, E. E., Lytle, J. S., Wong, G., Ruperto, J. F., and Newmark, H. L. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) on azoxymethanol- induced focal areas of dysplasia and colon tumor incidence. Cancer 12-1-1990;66(11):2350-2356. View abstract.

Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, and Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutr Res 2000;20(5):621-631.

Deutch, B. [Painful menstruation and low intake of n-3 fatty acids]. Ugeskr.Laeger 7-15-1996;158(29):4195-4198. View abstract.

Deutch, B. Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49(7):508-516. View abstract.

Devore, E. E., Grodstein, F., van Rooij, F. J., Hofman, A., Rosner, B., Stampfer, M. J., Witteman, J. C., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(1):170-176. View abstract.

Dewey, A., Baughan, C., Dean, T., Higgins, B., and Johnson, I. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(1):CD004597. View abstract.

Di, Carlo, V, Gianotti, L., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., and Braga, M. Complications of pancreatic surgery and the role of perioperative nutrition. Dig.Surg. 1999;16(4):320-326. View abstract.

Diamond, I. R., Pencharz, P. B., and Wales, P. W. Omega-3 lipids for intestinal failure associated liver disease. Semin.Pediatr Surg 2009;18(4):239-245. View abstract.

Diaz-Marsa, M., Gonzalez, Bardanca S., Tajima, K., Garcia-Albea, J., Navas, M., and Carrasco, J. L. Psychopharmacological treatment in borderline personality disorder. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2008;36(1):39-49. View abstract.

Dichi, I., Frenhane, P., Dichi, J. B., Correa, C. R., Angeleli, A. Y., Bicudo, M. H., Rodrigues, M. A., Victoria, C. R., and Burini, R. C. Comparison of omega-3 fatty acids and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis. Nutrition 2000;16(2):87-94. View abstract.

Dillon, J. J. Fish oil therapy for IgA nephropathy: efficacy and interstudy variability. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8(11):1739-1744. View abstract.

Djousse, L., Pankow, J. S., Eckfeldt, J. H., Folsom, A. R., Hopkins, P. N., Province, M. A., Hong, Y., and Ellison, R. C. Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74(5):612-619. View abstract.

Dodin S, Lucas M, Asselin G, Merette C, and Poulin MJ. An omega-3 fatty acid supplement for the treatment of hot flushes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised controlled trial. FOCUS ALTERN COMPLEMENT THER 2007;12(Suppl 1):20-21.

Dodin, S., Cunnane, S. C., Masse, B., Lemay, A., Jacques, H., Asselin, G., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Marc, I., Lamarche, B., Legare, F., and Forest, J. C. Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 2008;24(1):23-30. View abstract.

Dolecek, T. A. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200(2):177-182. View abstract.

Donadio, J. V. The emerging role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of patients with IgA nephropathy. J Ren Nutr 2001;11(3):122-128. View abstract.

Donadio, J. V., Jr. Use of fish oil to treat patients with immunoglobulin a nephropathy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):373S-375S. View abstract.

Donadio, J. V., Jr., Bergstralh, E. J., Offord, K. P., Spencer, D. C., and Holley, K. E. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. N.Engl.J Med 11-3-1994;331(18):1194-1199. View abstract.

Donnelly, J. P., McGrath, L. T., and Brennan, G. M. Lipid peroxidation, LDL glycosylation and dietary fish oil supplementation in type II diabetes mellitus. Biochem Soc Trans. 1994;22(1):34S. View abstract.

Donnelly, S. M., Ali, M. A., and Churchill, D. N. Effect of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil on hemostasis, blood pressure, and lipid profile of dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;2(11):1634-1639. View abstract.

Doornbos, B., van Goor, S. A., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., Schaafsma, A., Korf, J., and Muskiet, F. A. Supplementation of a low dose of DHA or DHA+AA does not prevent peripartum depressive symptoms in a small population based sample. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 2-1-2009;33(1):49-52. View abstract.

Dry, J. and Vincent, D. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991;95(2-3):156-157. View abstract.

Dunlop, A. L., Kramer, M. R., Hogue, C. J., Menon, R., and Ramakrishan, U. Racial disparities in preterm birth: an overview of the potential role of nutrient deficiencies. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2011;90(12):1332-1341. View abstract.

Dunstan JA, Mori TA Barden A Beilin LJ Taylor AL Holt PG et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergenspecific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1178-1184.

Dunstan, D. W., Mori, T. A., Puddey, I. B., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morton, A. R., and Stanton, K. G. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish intake on serum lipids and glycemic control in NIDDM. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(6):913-921. View abstract.

Dunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Barden, A., Beilin, L. J., Taylor, A. L., Holt, P. G., and Prescott, S. L. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy reduces interleukin-13 levels in cord blood of infants at high risk of atopy. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2003;33(4):442-448. View abstract.

Durrington, P. N., Bhatnagar, D., Mackness, M. I., Morgan, J., Julier, K., Khan, M. A., and France, M. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart 2001;85(5):544-548. View abstract.

Dusing, R., Struck, A., Gobel, B. O., Weisser, B., and Vetter, H. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function and renal prostaglandin E metabolism. Kidney Int 1990;38(2):315-319. View abstract.

Dyerberg, J., Eskesen, D. C., Andersen, P. W., Astrup, A., Buemann, B., Christensen, J. H., Clausen, P., Rasmussen, B. F., Schmidt, E. B., Tholstrup, T., Toft, E., Toubro, S., and Stender, S. Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(7):1062-1070. View abstract.

Dziechciarz, P., Horvath, A., and Szajewska, H. Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on neurodevelopment and visual function in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2010;29(5):443-454. View abstract.

Egert, S., Somoza, V., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., Krome, K., Erbersdobler, H. F., and Wahrburg, U. Influence of three rapeseed oil-rich diets, fortified with alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins: results of a controlled study in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61(3):314-325. View abstract.

Einvik, G., Klemsdal, T. O., Sandvik, L., and Hjerkinn, E. M. A randomized clinical trial on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and all-cause mortality in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2010;17(5):588-592. View abstract.

Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M. J., Paul, S. M., Kulkarni, K. R., and Mietus-Snyder, M. L. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am J Cardiol 4-1-2005;95(7):869-871. View abstract.

Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M., Chiu, E., Besio, D., Paul, S., Stuehlinger, M., Morrow, J., Ridker, P., Rifai, N., and Mietus-Snyder, M. Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42(12):672-679. View abstract.

Erdogan A, Bayer M Kollath D Greiss H Voss R Neumann T Franzen W Most A Mayer K Tillmanns H. Omega AF study: Polyunsatuated fatty acids (PUFA) for prevention of atrial fibrillation relapse after successful external cardioversion (editorial). Heart Rhythm 2007;4:S185-S186.

Eritsland, J., Arnesen, H., Berg, K., Seljeflot, I., and Abdelnoor, M. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease and the influence of long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 1995;55(4):295-300. View abstract.

Escobar, S. O., Achenbach, R., Iannantuono, R., and Torem, V. Topical fish oil in psoriasis--a controlled and blind study. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17(3):159-162. View abstract.

Espersen, G. T., Grunnet, N., Lervang, H. H., Nielsen, G. L., Thomsen, B. S., Faarvang, K. L., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Rheumatol 1992;11(3):393-395. View abstract.

Faarvang, K. L., Nielsen, G. L., Thomsen, B. S., Teglbjaerg, K. L., Hansen, T. M., Lervang, H. H., Schmidt, E. B., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. [Fish oils and rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized and double-blind study]. Ugeskr Laeger 6-6-1994;156(23):3495-3498. View abstract.

Faeh, D., Minehira, K., Schwarz, J. M., Periasamy, R., Park, S., and Tappy, L. Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2005;54(7):1907-1913. View abstract.

Fahs, C. A., Yan, H., Ranadive, S., Rossow, L. M., Agiovlasitis, S., Wilund, K. R., and Fernhall, B. The effect of acute fish-oil supplementation on endothelial function and arterial stiffness following a high-fat meal. Appl.Physiol Nutr.Metab 2010;35(3):294-302. View abstract.

Faldella, G., Govoni, M., Alessandroni, R., Marchiani, E., Salvioli, G. P., Biagi, P. L., and Spano, C. Visual evoked potentials and dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants. Arch.Dis.Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1996;75(2):F108-F112. View abstract.

Fasching, P., Ratheiser, K., Waldhausl, W., Rohac, M., Osterrode, W., Nowotny, P., and Vierhapper, H. Metabolic effects of fish-oil supplementation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 1991;40(5):583-589. View abstract.

Fasching, P., Rohac, M., Liener, K., Schneider, B., Nowotny, P., and Waldhausl, W. Fish oil supplementation versus gemfibrozil treatment in hyperlipidemic NIDDM. A randomized crossover study. Horm.Metab Res 1996;28(5):230-236. View abstract.

Fassett, R. G., Gobe, G. C., Peake, J. M., and Coombes, J. S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of kidney disease. Am.J.Kidney Dis. 2010;56(4):728-742. View abstract.

Fayad, A., Robaina, Sindin J., Calvo, Abeucci M., Trimarchi, H., and Vazquez, V. [Immunoglobulin A nephropaty: clinical practice guidelines]. Medicina (B Aires) 2011;71 Suppl 2:1-26. View abstract.

Fearon, K. C., Barber, M. D., Moses, A. G., Ahmedzai, S. H., Taylor, G. S., Tisdale, M. J., and Murray, G. D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of eicosapentaenoic acid diester in patients with cancer cachexia. J.Clin.Oncol. 7-20-2006;24(21):3401-3407. View abstract.

Fearon, K. C., Von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Moses, A. G., Van Geenen, R., Roy, A., Gouma, D. J., Giacosa, A., Van Gossum, A., Bauer, J., Barber, M. D., Aaronson, N. K., Voss, A. C., and Tisdale, M. J. Effect of a protein and energy dense n-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: a randomised double blind trial. Gut 2003;52(10):1479-1486. View abstract.

Feart, C., Peuchant, E., Letenneur, L., Samieri, C., Montagnier, D., Fourrier-Reglat, A., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid is inversely associated with severity of depressive symptomatology in the elderly: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1156-1162. View abstract.

Feher, J., Kovacs, B., Kovacs, I., Schveoller, M., Papale, A., and Balacco, Gabrieli C. Improvement of visual functions and fundus alterations in early age-related macular degeneration treated with a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, n-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. Ophthalmologica 2005;219(3):154-166. View abstract.

Fernandes, G., Bhattacharya, A., Rahman, M., Zaman, K., and Banu, J. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on autoimmunity and osteoporosis. Front Biosci. 2008;13:4015-4020. View abstract.

Ferraro, P. M., Ferraccioli, G. F., Gambaro, G., Fulignati, P., and Costanzi, S. Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2009;24(1):156-160. View abstract.

Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R., Abbott, R. A., Singhal, A., Isaacs, E. B., Stephenson, T., MacFadyen, U., and Lucas, A. Double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in formula fed to preterm infants. Pediatrics 2002;110(1 Pt 1):73-82. View abstract.

Fiedler, R., Mall, M., Wand, C., and Osten, B. Short-term administration of omega-3 fatty acids in hemodialysis patients with balanced lipid metabolism. J Ren Nutr 2005;15(2):253-256. View abstract.

Fleischhauer, F. J., Yan, W. D., and Fischell, T. A. Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 3-15-1993;21(4):982-989. View abstract.

Fontani, G., Lodi, L., Migliorini, S., and Corradeschi, F. Effect of omega-3 and policosanol supplementation on attention and reactivity in athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28 Suppl:473S-481S. View abstract.

Fortier, M., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Plourde, M., Chouinard-Watkins, R., Vandal, M., Pifferi, F., Freemantle, E., and Cunnane, S. C. Higher plasma n-3 fatty acid status in the moderately healthy elderly in southern Quebec: higher fish intake or aging-related change in n-3 fatty acid metabolism? Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;82(4-6):277-280. View abstract.

Fortin PR, Liang MH, Beckett LA, and et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:S201.

Frangou, S., Lewis, M., and McCrone, P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br.J.Psychiatry 2006;188:46-50. View abstract.

Frangou, S., Lewis, M., Wollard, J., and Simmons, A. Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentanoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. J.Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(4):435-439. View abstract.

Franke, C., Demmelmair, H., Decsi, T., Campoy, C., Cruz, M., Molina-Font, J. A., Mueller, K., and Koletzko, B. Influence of fish oil or folate supplementation on the time course of plasma redox markers during pregnancy. Br.J.Nutr. 2010;103(11):1648-1656. View abstract.

Franzen, D., Schannwell, M., Oette, K., and Hopp, H. W. A prospective, randomized, and double-blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PTCA. Cathet.Cardiovasc.Diagn. 1993;28(4):301-310. View abstract.

Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., and Julien, P. Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Biol.Psychiatry 5-1-2004;55(9):891-896. View abstract.

Freeman, M. P., Davis, M., Sinha, P., Wisner, K. L., Hibbeln, J. R., and Gelenberg, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids and supportive psychotherapy for perinatal depression: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;110(1-2):142-148. View abstract.

Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J. R., Wisner, K. L., Brumbach, B. H., Watchman, M., and Gelenberg, A. J. Randomized dose-ranging pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression. Acta Psychiatr.Scand. 2006;113(1):31-35. View abstract.

Frenais, R., Ouguerram, K., Maugeais, C., Mahot, P., Charbonnel, B., Magot, T., and Krempf, M. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in type II diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2001;157(1):131-135. View abstract.

Freund-Levi, Y., Basun, H., Cederholm, T., Faxen-Irving, G., Garlind, A., Grut, M., Vedin, I., Palmblad, J., Wahlund, L. O., and Eriksdotter-Jonhagen, M. Omega-3 supplementation in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2008;23(2):161-169. View abstract.

Friday, K. E., Childs, M. T., Tsunehara, C. H., Fujimoto, W. Y., Bierman, E. L., and Ensinck, J. W. Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989;12(4):276-281. View abstract.

Friedman, A. N., Moe, S. M., Perkins, S. M., Li, Y., and Watkins, B. A. Fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid status and determinants in long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47(6):1064-1071. View abstract.

Friedman, A. N., Saha, C., and Watkins, B. A. Feasibility study of erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2008;18(6):509-512. View abstract.

Friesecke, S., Lotze, C., Kohler, J., Heinrich, A., Felix, S. B., and Abel, P. Fish oil supplementation in the parenteral nutrition of critically ill medical patients: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(8):1411-1420. View abstract.

Furuhjelm, C., Warstedt, K., Larsson, J., Fredriksson, M., Bottcher, M. F., Falth-Magnusson, K., and Duchen, K. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(9):1461-1467. View abstract.

Fusar-Poli, P. and Berger, G. Eicosapentaenoic acid interventions in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(2):179-185. View abstract.

Galarraga, B., Ho, M., Youssef, H. M., Hill, A., McMahon, H., Hall, C., Ogston, S., Nuki, G., and Belch, J. J. Cod liver oil (n-3 fatty acids) as an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sparing agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2008;47(5):665-669. View abstract.

Gapinski, J. P., VanRuiswyk, J. V., Heudebert, G. R., and Schectman, G. S. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 7-12-1993;153(13):1595-1601. View abstract.

Garbagnati, F., Cairella, G., De, Martino A., Multari, M., Scognamiglio, U., Venturiero, V., and Paolucci, S. Is antioxidant and n-3 supplementation able to improve functional status in poststroke patients? Results from the Nutristroke Trial. Cerebrovasc.Dis. 2009;27(4):375-383. View abstract.

Gazso, A., Horrobin, D., and Sinzinger, H. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on the prostaglandin-metabolism in healthy volunteers and patients suffering from PVD. Agents Actions Suppl 1992;37:151-156. View abstract.

Geleijnse, J. M., Giltay, E. J., and Kromhout, D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cognitive decline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in stable myocardial infarction patients. Alzheimers.Dement. 2012;8(4):278-287. View abstract.

Geleijnse, J. M., Giltay, E. J., Grobbee, D. E., Donders, A. R., and Kok, F. J. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J.Hypertens. 2002;20(8):1493-1499. View abstract.

Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2006;95(4):779-786. View abstract.

Gerber, J. G., Kitch, D. W., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Zackin, R. A., Charles, S., Hogg, E., Acosta, E. P., Connick, E., Wohl, D., Kojic, E. M., Benson, C. A., and Aberg, J. A. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: results of ACTG A5186. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 4-1-2008;47(4):459-466. View abstract.

Gerber, M. Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S228-S239. View abstract.

Geusens, P., Wouters, C., Nijs, J., Jiang, Y., and Dequeker, J. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(6):824-829. View abstract.

Ghebremeskel, K., Burns, L., Costeloe, K., Burden, T. J., Harbige, L., Thomas, B., and Temple, E. Plasma vitamin A and E in preterm babies fed on breast milk or formula milk with or without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1999;69(2):83-91. View abstract.

Giacco, R., Cuomo, V., Vessby, B., Uusitupa, M., Hermansen, K., Meyer, B. J., Riccardi, G., and Rivellese, A. A. Fish oil, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in healthy people: is there any effect of fish oil supplementation in relation to the type of background diet and habitual dietary intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids? Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2007;17(8):572-580. View abstract.

Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Vignali, A., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., Bisagni, P., and Di, Carlo, V. Effect of route of delivery and formulation of postoperative nutritional support in patients undergoing major operations for malignant neoplasms. Arch.Surg. 1997;132(11):1222-1229. View abstract.

Gil-Campos, M. and Sanjurjo, Crespo P. Omega 3 fatty acids and inborn errors of metabolism. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S129-S136. View abstract.

Gimenez-Arnau, A., Barranco, C., Alberola, M., Wale, C., Serrano, S., Buchanan, M. R., and Camarasa, J. G. Effects of linoleic acid supplements on atopic dermatitis. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 1997;433:285-289. View abstract.

Ginsberg, G. L. and Toal, B. F. Quantitative approach for incorporating methylmercury risks and omega-3 fatty acid benefits in developing species-specific fish consumption advice. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(2):267-275. View abstract.

Glauber, H., Wallace, P., Griver, K., and Brechtel, G. Adverse metabolic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1988;108(5):663-668.

Gogos, C. A., Ginopoulos, P., Salsa, B., Apostolidou, E., Zoumbos, N. C., and Kalfarentzos, F. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: a randomized control trial. Cancer 1-15-1998;82(2):395-402. View abstract.

Goh, Y. K., Jumpsen, J. A., Ryan, E. A., and Clandinin, M. T. Effect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 1997;40(1):45-52. View abstract.

Golding, J., Steer, C., Emmett, P., Davis, J. M., and Hibbeln, J. R. High levels of depressive symptoms in pregnancy with low omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish. Epidemiology 2009;20(4):598-603. View abstract.

Gonzalez, M. J., Schemmel, R. A., Dugan, L., Jr., Gray, J. I., and Welsch, C. W. Dietary fish oil inhibits human breast carcinoma growth: a function of increased lipid peroxidation. Lipids 1993;28(9):827-832. View abstract.

Gorjao, R., Verlengia, R., Lima, T. M., Soriano, F. G., Boaventura, M. F., Kanunfre, C. C., Peres, C. M., Sampaio, S. C., Otton, R., Folador, A., Martins, E. F., Curi, T. C., Portiolli, E. P., Newsholme, P., and Curi, R. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. Clin Nutr 2006;25(6):923-938. View abstract.

Gracious, B. L., Chirieac, M. C., Costescu, S., Finucane, T. L., Youngstrom, E. A., and Hibbeln, J. R. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of flax oil in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar.Disord. 2010;12(2):142-154. View abstract.

Gray, D. R., Gozzip, C. G., Eastham, J. H., and Kashyap, M. L. Fish oil as an adjuvant in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16(2):295-300. View abstract.

Grecu I, Mirea L, and Grintescu. Parenteral fish oil supplementation in patients with abdominal sepsis. Clin Nutr 2003;22:23s.

Green, D., Barreres, L., Borensztajn, J., Kaplan, P., Reddy, M. N., Rovner, R., and Simon, H. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil concentrate (MaxEpa) in stroke patients. Stroke 1985;16(4):706-709. View abstract.

Green, P., Fuchs, J., Schoenfeld, N., Leibovici, L., Lurie, Y., Beigel, Y., Rotenberg, Z., Mamet, R., and Budowski, P. Effects of fish-oil ingestion on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic subjects in Israel: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(6):1118-1124. View abstract.

Grenyer, B. F., Crowe, T., Meyer, B., Owen, A. J., Grigonis-Deane, E. M., Caputi, P., and Howe, P. R. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 10-1-2007;31(7):1393-1396. View abstract.

Griel, A. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hilpert, K. F., Zhao, G., West, S. G., and Corwin, R. L. An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans. Nutr.J. 2007;6:2. View abstract.

Grigg, L. E., Kay, T. W., Valentine, P. A., Larkins, R., Flower, D. J., Manolas, E. G., O'Dea, K., Sinclair, A. J., Hopper, J. L., and Hunt, D. Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3-1-1989;13(3):665-672. View abstract.

Grimm, H., Mertes, N., Goeters, C., Schlotzer, E., Mayer, K., Grimminger, F., and Furst, P. Improved fatty acid and leukotriene pattern with a novel lipid emulsion in surgical patients. Eur.J.Nutr. 2006;45(1):55-60. View abstract.

Grimminger, F., Grimm, H., Fuhrer, D., Papavassilis, C., Lindemann, G., Blecher, C., Mayer, K., Tabesch, F., Kramer, H. J., Stevens, J., and Seeger, W. Omega-3 lipid infusion in a heart allotransplant model. Shift in fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles and prolongation of transplant survival. Circulation 1-15-1996;93(2):365-371. View abstract.

Grogan, J. L., Casson, D. H., Terry, A., Burdge, G. C., El-Matary, W., and Dalzell, A. M. Enteral feeding therapy for newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with two years follow-up. Inflamm.Bowel.Dis. 2012;18(2):246-253. View abstract.

Grossman, E., Peleg, E., Shiff, E., and Rosenthal, T. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of fish oil in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6(12):1040-1045. View abstract.

Gruenwald, J., Petzold, E., Busch, R., Petzold, H. P., and Graubaum, H. J. Effect of glucosamine sulfate with or without omega-3 fatty acids in patients with osteoarthritis. Adv.Ther 2009;26(9):858-871. View abstract.

Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Hetland, O., Aarsland, T., Baksaas, I., Grande, T., and Woie, L. Improvement of serum lipids and blood pressure during intervention with n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in insulin levels in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. J Intern Med 1995;237(3):249-259. View abstract.

Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Hetland, O., Mansoor, M. A., Aarsland, T., and Woie, L. Atherothrombogenic risk modulation by n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in homocysteine in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Thromb.Haemost. 1999;81(4):561-565. View abstract.

Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Mansoor, M. A., Hetland, O., and Nordoy, A. Reduction in homocysteine by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after 1 year in a randomised double-blind study following an acute myocardial infarction: no effect on endothelial adhesion properties. Pathophysiol.Haemost.Thromb. 2003;33(2):88-95. View abstract.

Guallar, E., Aro, A., Jimenez, F. J., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Salminen, I., van't Veer, P., Kardinaal, A. F., Gomez-Aracena, J., Martin, B. C., Kohlmeier, L., Kark, J. D., Mazaev, V. P., Ringstad, J., Guillen, J., Riemersma, R. A., Huttunen, J. K., Thamm, M., and Kok, F. J. Omega-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1999;19(4):1111-1118. View abstract.

Guallar, E., Hennekens, C. H., Sacks, F. M., Willett, W. C., and Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25(2):387-394. View abstract.

Guarcello M, Riso S Buosi R D'Andrea F. EPA-enriched oral nutritional suport in patients with lung cancer: effects on nutritional status and quality of life. Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism 2007;25:25-30.

Gunnarsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Kiely, M., Martinez, J. A., Bandarra, N. M., Morais, M. G., and Thorsdottir, I. Inclusion of fish or fish oil in weight-loss diets for young adults: effects on blood lipids. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2008;32(7):1105-1112. View abstract.

Gupta, A. K., Ellis, C. N., Goldfarb, M. T., Hamilton, T. A., and Voorhees, J. J. The role of fish oil in psoriasis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study to evaluate the effect of fish oil and topical corticosteroid therapy in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1990;29(8):591-595. View abstract.

Gupta, A. K., Ellis, C. N., Tellner, D. C., Anderson, T. F., and Voorhees, J. J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of fish oil and low-dose UVB in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1989;120(6):801-807. View abstract.

Gura, K. M., Duggan, C. P., Collier, S. B., Jennings, R. W., Folkman, J., Bistrian, B. R., and Puder, M. Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in two infants with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil: implications for future management. Pediatrics 2006;118(1):e197-e201. View abstract.

Gura, K. M., Lee, S., Valim, C., Zhou, J., Kim, S., Modi, B. P., Arsenault, D. A., Strijbosch, R. A., Lopes, S., Duggan, C., and Puder, M. Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e678-e686. View abstract.

Gustafsson, P. A., Birberg-Thornberg, U., Duchen, K., Landgren, M., Malmberg, K., Pelling, H., Strandvik, B., and Karlsson, T. EPA supplementation improves teacher-rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHD. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(10):1540-1549. View abstract.

Haberka, M., Mizia-Stec, K., Mizia, M., Janowska, J., Gieszczyk, K., Chmiel, A., Zahorska-Markiewicz, B., and Gasior, Z. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids early supplementation improves ultrasound indices of endothelial function, but not through NO inhibitors in patients with acute myocardial infarction: N-3 PUFA supplementation in acute myocardial infarction. Clin.Nutr. 2011;30(1):79-85. View abstract.

Haglund, O., Luostarinen, R., Wallin, R., Wibell, L., and Saldeen, T. The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E. J Nutr 1991;121(2):165-169. View abstract.

Haglund, O., Wallin, R., Luostarinen, R., and Saldeen, T. Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentrate, ESKIMO-3, on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and blood pressure. J Intern Med 1990;227(5):347-353. View abstract.

Haines, A. P., Sanders, T. A., Imeson, J. D., Mahler, R. F., Martin, J., Mistry, M., Vickers, M., and Wallace, P. G. Effects of a fish oil supplement on platelet function, haemostatic variables and albuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thromb.Res 9-15-1986;43(6):643-655. View abstract.

Hallahan, B., Hibbeln, J. R., Davis, J. M., and Garland, M. R. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial. Br.J.Psychiatry 2007;190:118-122. View abstract.

Hamazaki, K., Higashihara, E., Terachi, T., Takada, H., Matsuda, T., Kawakita, M., Fuse, H., Hamazaki, T., Kameyama, S., Masai, M., Chiba, Y., Tokunaga, M., Furuya, Y., Okegawa, T., Murota, T., Kawa, G., and Itomura, M. The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on prostate-specific antigen. In Vivo 2006;20(3):397-401. View abstract.

Hamazaki, K., Itomura, M., Huan, M., Nishizawa, H., Sawazaki, S., Tanouchi, M., Watanabe, S., Hamazaki, T., Terasawa, K., and Yazawa, K. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid-containing phospholipids on blood catecholamine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nutrition 2005;21(6):705-710. View abstract.

Hamazaki, K., Syafruddin, D., Tunru, I. S., Azwir, M. F., Asih, P. B., Sawazaki, S., and Hamazaki, T. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on behavior, school attendance rate and malaria infection in school children--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Lampung, Indonesia. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17(2):258-263. View abstract.

Hamazaki, T., Thienprasert, A., Kheovichai, K., Samuhaseneetoo, S., Nagasawa, T., and Watanabe, S. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in elderly Thai subjects--a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Nutr Neurosci 2002;5(1):37-41. View abstract.

Hansen, G. V., Nielsen, L., Kluger, E., Thysen, M., Emmertsen, H., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Hansen, E. L., Unger, B., and Andersen, P. W. Nutritional status of Danish rheumatoid arthritis patients and effects of a diet adjusted in energy intake, fish-meal, and antioxidants. Scand.J.Rheumatol. 1996;25(5):325-330. View abstract.

Hansen, J. M., Lokkegaard, H., Hoy, C. E., Fogh-Andersen, N., Olsen, N. V., and Strandgaard, S. No effect of dietary fish oil on renal hemodynamics, tubular function, and renal functional reserve in long-term renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5(7):1434-1440. View abstract.

Hanwell, H. E., Kay, C. D., Lampe, J. W., Holub, B. J., and Duncan, A. M. Acute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2009;139(6):1128-1134. View abstract.

Harper, C. R. and Jacobson, T. A. Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-1-2005;96(11):1521-1529. View abstract.

Harper, M., Thom, E., Klebanoff, M. A., Thorp, J., Jr., Sorokin, Y., Varner, M. W., Wapner, R. J., Caritis, S. N., Iams, J. D., Carpenter, M. W., Peaceman, A. M., Mercer, B. M., Sciscione, A., Rouse, D. J., Ramin, S. M., and Anderson, G. D. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to prevent recurrent preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(2 Pt 1):234-242. View abstract.

Harris, W. S. and Connor, W. E. The effects of salmon oil upon plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and triglyceride clearance. Trans.Assoc Am Physicians 1980;93:148-155. View abstract.

Harris, W. S. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989;30(6):785-807. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Connor, W. E., Illingworth, D. R., Rothrock, D. W., and Foster, D. M. Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1990;31(9):1549-1558. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Dujovne, C. A., Zucker, M., and Johnson, B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 9-15-1988;109(6):465-470. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Ginsberg, H. N., Arunakul, N., Shachter, N. S., Windsor, S. L., Adams, M., Berglund, L., and Osmundsen, K. Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. J.Cardiovasc.Risk 1997;4(5-6):385-391. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Gonzales, M., Laney, N., Sastre, A., and Borkon, A. M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on heart rate in cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 11-15-2006;98(10):1393-1395. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Pottala, J. V., Sands, S. A., and Jones, P. G. Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n 3 fatty acid content of blood cells and plasma phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(6):1621-1625. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients. Am J Cardiol 1-15-2007;99(2):154-158. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Zucker, M. L., and Dujovne, C. A. Omega-3 fatty acids in hypertriglyceridemic patients: triglycerides vs methyl esters. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(4):992-997. View abstract.

Harrison, R. A., Sagara, M., Rajpura, A., Armitage, L., Birt, N., Birt, C. A., and Yamori, Y. Can foods with added soya-protein or fish-oil reduce risk factors for coronary disease? A factorial randomised controlled trial. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2004;14(6):344-350. View abstract.

Hartweg, J., Perera, R., Montori, V., Dinneen, S., Neil, H. A., and Farmer, A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD003205. View abstract.

Hau, M. F., Smelt, A. H., Bindels, A. J., Sijbrands, E. J., Van der, Laarse A., Onkenhout, W., van Duyvenvoorde, W., and Princen, H. M. Effects of fish oil on oxidation resistance of VLDL in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1996;16(9):1197-1202. View abstract.

Hauenschild, A., Bretzel, R. G., Schnell-Kretschmer, H., Kloer, H. U., Hardt, P. D., and Ewald, N. Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. Ann Nutr Metab 2010;56(3):170-175. View abstract.

Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, and et al. Fish oil in ulcerative colitis: final results of a controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1990;98(5 pt 2):A174.

Heidarsdottir R, Arnar DO Skuladottir GV Torfason B Edvardsson V Gottskalksson G Palsson R Indridason OS. Does treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery? Europace. 2010;12(3):356-363.

Heidt, M. C., Vician, M., Stracke, S. K., Stadlbauer, T., Grebe, M. T., Boening, A., Vogt, P. R., and Erdogan, A. Beneficial effects of intravenously administered N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 2009;57(5):276-280. View abstract.

Helland, I. B., Saugstad, O. D., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Solvoll, K., Ganes, T., and Drevon, C. A. Similar effects on infants of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. Pediatrics 2001;108(5):E82. View abstract.

Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Blomen, B., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 2008;122(2):e472-e479. View abstract.

Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., and Drevon, C. A. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):e39-e44. View abstract.

Heller, A. R., Rossel, T., Gottschlich, B., Tiebel, O., Menschikowski, M., Litz, R. J., Zimmermann, T., and Koch, T. Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Int.J Cancer 9-10-2004;111(4):611-616. View abstract.

Heller, A. R., Rossler, S., Litz, R. J., Stehr, S. N., Heller, S. C., Koch, R., and Koch, T. Omega-3 fatty acids improve the diagnosis-related clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 2006;34(4):972-979. View abstract.

Henderson WR. Omega-3 supplementation in CF [abstract]. 6th North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference 1992;s21-s22.

Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., and Ramsey, B. W. Liver function in patients with cystic fibrosis ingesting fish oil. J Pediatr 1994;125(3):504-505. View abstract.

Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., McCready, M. M., Kushmerick, P., Casey, S., Becker, J. W., and Ramsey, B. W. Oral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects. J Pediatr 1994;124(3):400-408. View abstract.

Hendra, T. J., Britton, M. E., Roper, D. R., Wagaine-Twabwe, D., Jeremy, J. Y., Dandona, P., Haines, A. P., and Yudkin, J. S. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care 1990;13(8):821-829. View abstract.

Henneicke-von Zepelin, H. H., Mrowietz, U., Farber, L., Bruck-Borchers, K., Schober, C., Huber, J., Lutz, G., Kohnen, R., Christophers, E., and Welzel, D. Highly purified omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids for topical treatment of psoriasis. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1993;129(6):713-717. View abstract.

Henriksen, C., Haugholt, K., Lindgren, M., Aurvag, A. K., Ronnestad, A., Gronn, M., Solberg, R., Moen, A., Nakstad, B., Berge, R. K., Smith, L., Iversen, P. O., and Drevon, C. A. Improved cognitive development among preterm infants attributable to early supplementation of human milk with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. Pediatrics 2008;121(6):1137-1145. View abstract.

Hernandez, D., Guerra, R., Milena, A., Torres, A., Garcia, S., Garcia, C., Abreu, P., Gonzalez, A., Gomez, M. A., Rufino, M., Gonzalez-Posada, J., Lorenzo, V., and Salido, E. Dietary fish oil does not influence acute rejection rate and graft survival after renal transplantation: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2002;17(5):897-904. View abstract.

Herrmann W, Biermann J, Ratzmann KP, and Lindhofer HG. Fischoelkonzentrat auf das Lipopro t e i np ro fil bei Patienten mit Diabetes Mellitus Typ II. Med Klin 1992;87:12-15.

Hillier, K., Jewell, R., Dorrell, L., and Smith, C. L. Incorporation of fatty acids from fish oil and olive oil into colonic mucosal lipids and effects upon eicosanoid synthesis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1991;32(10):1151-1155. View abstract.

Himmelfarb, J., Phinney, S., Ikizler, T. A., Kane, J., McMonagle, E., and Miller, G. Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2007;17(5):296-304. View abstract.

Hirashima, F., Parow, A. M., Stoll, A. L., Demopulos, C. M., Damico, K. E., Rohan, M. L., Eskesen, J. G., Zuo, C. S., Cohen, B. M., and Renshaw, P. F. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder. Am.J Psychiatry 2004;161(10):1922-1924. View abstract.

Hodge L. Effect of fish oil supplements on severity of asthma in children. Annu Sci Meet Thorac Soc 1997;1.

Hodge, L., Salome, C. M., Hughes, J. M., Liu-Brennan, D., Rimmer, J., Allman, M., Pang, D., Armour, C., and Woolcock, A. J. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir.J 1998;11(2):361-365. View abstract.

Hodge, L., Salome, C. M., Peat, J. K., Haby, M. M., Xuan, W., and Woolcock, A. J. Consumption of oily fish and childhood asthma risk. Med J Aust. 2-5-1996;164(3):137-140. View abstract.

Hodge, W., Barnes, D., Schachter, H. M., Pan, Y., Lowcock, E. C., Zhang, L., Sampson, M., Morrison, A., Tran, K., Miguelez, M., and Lewin, G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on eye health. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(117):1-6. View abstract.

Hogg, R. J., Fitzgibbons, L., Atkins, C., Nardelli, N., and Bay, R. C. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage- and size-dependent. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(6):1167-1172. View abstract.

Holguin, F., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Hernandez, M., Cortez, M., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Mannino, D., and Romieu, I. Air pollution and heart rate variability among the elderly in Mexico City. Epidemiology 2003;14(5):521-527. View abstract.

Holguin, F., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Lazo, M., Mannino, D., Schwartz, J., Hernandez, M., and Romieu, I. Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly. Chest 2005;127(4):1102-1107. View abstract.

Holm T, Andreassen A K Aukrust P. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. Eu Heart Journal. 2001;22(5):428-436.

Holm, T., Berge, R. K., Andreassen, A. K., Ueland, T., Kjekshus, J., Simonsen, S., Froland, S., Gullestad, L., and Aukrust, P. Omega-3 fatty acids enhance tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 8-27-2001;72(4):706-711. View abstract.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo HJ, Tegzess AM, and et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve renal function in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin-A [abstract]. Kidney Int 1989;35:516A.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Donker, A. J., Wilmink, J. M., Sluiter, W. J., and Tegzess, A. M. Dietary supplementation with fish oil modifies renal reserve filtration capacity in postoperative, cyclosporin A-treated renal transplant recipients. Transpl.Int 1990;3(3):171-175. View abstract.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Donker, A. J., Wilmink, J. M., Sluiter, W. J., and Tegzess, A. M. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function and the course of early postoperative rejection episodes in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1992;54(2):257-263. View abstract.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Tegzess, A. M., and Donker, A. J. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1990;49(3):523-527. View abstract.

Hong, H., Xu, Z. M., Pang, B. S., Cui, L., Wei, Y., Guo, W. J., Mao, Y. L., and Yang, X. C. Effects of simvastatin combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Chin Med Sci.J 2004;19(2):145-149. View abstract.

Hooper, L., Thompson, R. L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Ness, A. R., Moore, H. J., Worthington, H. V., Durrington, P. N., Higgins, J. P., Capps, N. E., Riemersma, R. A., Ebrahim, S. B., and Davey, Smith G. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ 4-1-2006;332(7544):752-760. View abstract.

Horrobin, D. F. Omega-3 Fatty acid for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(1):188-189. View abstract.

Howe, P. R. Dietary fats and hypertension. Focus on fish oil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 9-20-1997;827:339-352. View abstract.

Howe, P. R., Lungershausen, Y. K., Cobiac, L., Dandy, G., and Nestel, P. J. Effect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8(1):43-49. View abstract.

Hoy, S. M. and Keating, G. M. Omega-3 ethylester concentrate: a review of its use in secondary prevention post-myocardial infarction and the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Drugs 5-29-2009;69(8):1077-1105. View abstract.

Huang, T., Zheng, J., Chen, Y., Yang, B., Wahlqvist, M. L., and Li, D. High consumption of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease plasma homocysteine: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Nutrition 2011;27(9):863-867. View abstract.

Hughes, G. S., Ringer, T. V., Watts, K. C., DeLoof, M. J., Francom, S. F., and Spillers, C. R. Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis 1990;84(2-3):229-237. View abstract.

Hui, R., St Louis, J., and Falardeau, P. Antihypertensive properties of linoleic acid and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids independent of the prostaglandin system. Am J Hypertens 1989;2(8):610-617. View abstract.

Ikehata, A., Hiwatashi, N., Kinouchi, Y., Yamazaki, H., Kumagai, Y., Ito, K., Kayaba, Y., and Toyota, T. Effect of intravenously infused eicosapentaenoic acid on the leukotriene generation in patients with active Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56(5):938-942. View abstract.

Innis, S. M. and Friesen, R. W. Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):548-557. View abstract.

Irving, G. F., Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jonhagen, M., Basun, H., Brismar, K., Hjorth, E., Palmblad, J., Vessby, B., Vedin, I., Wahlund, L. O., and Cederholm, T. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer's disease study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(1):11-17. View abstract.

Iso, H., Kobayashi, M., Ishihara, J., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Kita, Y., Kokubo, Y., and Tsugane, S. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 1-17-2006;113(2):195-202. View abstract.

Issa, A. M., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Traina, S., Newberry, S. J., Hilton, L. G., Garland, R. H., and Maclean, C. H. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function in aging and dementia: a systematic review. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006;21(2):88-96. View abstract.

Jacka, E. N., Pasco, J. A., Henry, M. J., Kotowicz, M. A., Nicholson, G. C., and Berk, M. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and depression in a community sample. Nutr.Neurosci. 2004;7(2):101-106. View abstract.

Jackson, K. G., Armah, C. K., Doman, I., James, L., Cheghani, F., and Minihane, A. M. The impact of age on the postprandial vascular response to a fish oil-enriched meal. Br J Nutr 2009;102(10):1414-1419. View abstract.

Jain, S., Gaiha, M., Bhattacharjee, J., and Anuradha, S. Effects of low-dose omega-3 fatty acid substitution in type-2 diabetes mellitus with special reference to oxidative stress--a prospective preliminary study. J.Assoc.Physicians India 2002;50:1028-1033. View abstract.

James, S., Montgomery, P., and Williams, K. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(11):CD007992. View abstract.

Jarvinen, R., Knekt, P., Rissanen, H., and Reunanen, A. Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart mortality in men and women. Br.J.Nutr. 2006;95(4):824-829. View abstract.

Jatoi, A., Rowland, K., Loprinzi, C. L., Sloan, J. A., Dakhil, S. R., MacDonald, N., Gagnon, B., Novotny, P. J., Mailliard, J. A., Bushey, T. I., Nair, S., and Christensen, B. An eicosapentaenoic acid supplement versus megestrol acetate versus both for patients with cancer-associated wasting: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group and National Cancer Institute of Canada collaborative effort. J.Clin.Oncol. 6-15-2004;22(12):2469-2476. View abstract.

Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Keshavarz, S. A., Hosseini, M., Djazayery, A., Amini, H., Jalali, M., and Peet, M. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Aust.N.Z.J.Psychiatry 2008;42(3):192-198. View abstract.

Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1):125-132. View abstract.

Jiang T, Wang X Yang AZ Lu L Zhang DH Zhang RS. Effects of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on changes in serum cytokines after liver transplantation. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 2011;15(31):5726-5730.

Jiang ZM, Wang XR, Wei JM, Wang Y, Li Y, and Wang S. The impact of I.V. fish oil emulsion on clinical outcome and immune functions of post-operative cancer patients: a randomized, double blind, controlled, multi-center clinical trial for 203 cases. Clin Nutr 2005;24:609-610.

Jiang, Z. M., Wilmore, D. W., Wang, X. R., Wei, J. M., Zhang, Z. T., Gu, Z. Y., Wang, S., Han, S. M., Jiang, H., and Yu, K. Randomized clinical trial of intravenous soybean oil alone versus soybean oil plus fish oil emulsion after gastrointestinal cancer surgery. Br.J.Surg. 2010;97(6):804-809. View abstract.

Joensen, A. M., Schmidt, E. B., Dethlefsen, C., Johnsen, S. P., Tjonneland, A., Rasmussen, L. H., and Overvad, K. Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome - a cohort study. Br J Nutr 2010;103(4):602-607. View abstract.

Johansen, O., Brekke, M., Seljeflot, I., Abdelnoor, M., and Arnesen, H. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. J Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1619-1626. View abstract.

Johansen, O., Seljeflot, I., Hostmark, A. T., and Arnesen, H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1999;19(7):1681-1686. View abstract.

Johnson, E. J., Chung, H. Y., Caldarella, S. M., and Snodderly, D. M. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1521-1529. View abstract.

Johnson, M., Ostlund, S., Fransson, G., Kadesjo, B., and Gillberg, C. Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J.Atten.Disord. 2009;12(5):394-401. View abstract.

Johnson, S. M. and Hollander, E. Evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid is effective in treating autism. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(7):848-849. View abstract.

Joos, S. Review on efficacy and health services research studies of complementary and alternative medicine in inflammatory bowel disease. Chin J.Integr.Med. 2011;17(6):403-409. View abstract.

Joy, C. B., Mumby-Croft, R., and Joy, L. A. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish or evening primrose oil) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database.Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001257.

Joy, C. B., Mumby-Croft, R., and Joy, L. A. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD001257. View abstract.

Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. A docosahexaenoic acid-functional food during pregnancy benefits infant visual acuity at four but not six months of age. Lipids 2007;42(2):117-122. View abstract.

Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy: benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not on recognition memory tasks at age 9 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(6):1572-1577. View abstract.

Kabir, M., Skurnik, G., Naour, N., Pechtner, V., Meugnier, E., Rome, S., Quignard-Boulange, A., Vidal, H., Slama, G., Clement, K., Guerre-Millo, M., and Rizkalla, S. W. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(6):1670-1679. View abstract.

Kairaluoma, L., Narhi, V., Ahonen, T., Westerholm, J., and Aro, M. Do fatty acids help in overcoming reading difficulties? A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and carnosine supplementation on children with dyslexia. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35(1):112-119. View abstract.

Kale, A., Joshi, S., Naphade, N., Sapkale, S., Raju, M. S., Pillai, A., Nasrallah, H., and Mahadik, S. P. Opposite changes in predominantly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cerebrospinal fluid and red blood cells from never-medicated first-episode psychotic patients. Schizophr.Res 2008;98(1-3):295-301. View abstract.

Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J., Launer, L. J., and Kromhout, D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. Am J Epidemiol 1-1-1997;145(1):33-41. View abstract.

Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Ott, A., Witteman, J. C., Hofman, A., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(5):776-782. View abstract.

Kamphuis, M. H., Geerlings, M. I., Tijhuis, M. A., Kalmijn, S., Grobbee, D. E., and Kromhout, D. Depression and cardiovascular mortality: a role for n-3 fatty acids? Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(6):1513-1517. View abstract.

Kasim-Karakas, S. E., Herrmann, R., and Almario, R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on intravascular lipolysis of very-low- density lipoproteins in humans. Metabolism 1995;44(9):1223-1230. View abstract.

Katan, M. B., Deslypere, J. P., van Birgelen, A. P., Penders, M., and Zegwaard, M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997;38(10):2012-2022. View abstract.

Katz, D. P., Manner, T., Furst, P., and Askanazi, J. The use of an intravenous fish oil emulsion enriched with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nutrition 1996;12(5):334-339. View abstract.

Kaul, U., Sanghvi, S., Bahl, V. K., Dev, V., and Wasir, H. S. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Int.J.Cardiol. 1992;35(1):87-93. View abstract.

Kaushik, M., Mozaffarian, D., Spiegelman, D., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., and Hu, F. B. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(3):613-620. View abstract.

Kaushik, S., Wang, J. J., Flood, V., Liew, G., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Frequency of fish consumption, retinal microvascular signs and vascular mortality. Microcirculation. 2008;15(1):27-36. View abstract.

Keck, P. E., Jr., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L., Freeman, M. P., Suppes, T., Frye, M. A., Altshuler, L. L., Kupka, R., Nolen, W. A., Leverich, G. S., Denicoff, K. D., Grunze, H., Duan, N., and Post, R. M. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol.Psychiatry 11-1-2006;60(9):1020-1022. View abstract.

Keen, C., Olin, A. C., Eriksson, S., Ekman, A., Lindblad, A., Basu, S., Beermann, C., and Strandvik, B. Supplementation with fatty acids influences the airway nitric oxide and inflammatory markers in patients with cystic fibrosis. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2010;50(5):537-544. View abstract.

Kelbel I, Wagner F, Wiedeck-Sugeer H, Kebel M, Weiss M, and Schneider M. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on immune function: a double-blind, randomized trial of fish oil based infusion in post-operative. Clin Nutr 2002;21:13s-14.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., Chung, G. H., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases remnant-like particle-cholesterol and increases the (n-3) index in hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2008;138(1):30-35. View abstract.

Kelley, V. E., Ferretti, A., Izui, S., and Strom, T. B. A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MRL-lpr mice. J Immunol 1985;134(3):1914-1919. View abstract.

Kelly, C., Hadjinicolaou, A. V., Holt, C., Agius, M., and Zaman, R. Meta-analysis of medical and non-medical treatments of the prodromal phase of psychotic illness in at-risk mental states. Psychiatr.Danub. 2010;22 Suppl 1:S56-S62. View abstract.

Kenler, A. S., Swails, W. S., Driscoll, D. F., DeMichele, S. J., Daley, B., Babineau, T. J., Peterson, M. B., and Bistrian, B. R. Early enteral feeding in postsurgical cancer patients. Fish oil structured lipid-based polymeric formula versus a standard polymeric formula. Ann.Surg. 1996;223(3):316-333. View abstract.

Keogh, J. B., Grieger, J. A., Noakes, M., and Clifton, P. M. Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2005;25(6):1274-1279. View abstract.

Khandelwal, S., Demonty, I., Jeemon, P., Lakshmy, R., Mukherjee, R., Gupta, R., Snehi, U., Niveditha, D., Singh, Y., van der Knaap, H. C., Passi, S. J., Prabhakaran, D., and Reddy, K. S. Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oil n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;102(5):722-732. View abstract.

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Porter, K., Beversdorf, D. Q., Lemeshow, S., and Glaser, R. Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. Psychosom Med 2007;69(3):217-224. View abstract.

Kim, J., Lim, S. Y., Shin, A., Sung, M. K., Ro, J., Kang, H. S., Lee, K. S., Kim, S. W., and Lee, E. S. Fatty fish and fish omega-3 fatty acid intakes decrease the breast cancer risk: a case-control study. BMC.Cancer 2009;9:216. View abstract.

Kim, Y. I. Can fish oil maintain Crohn's disease in remission? Nutr Rev. 1996;54(8):248-252. View abstract.

Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., and Stone, R. A. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(1):1-28. View abstract.

Kirby, A., Woodward, A., Jackson, S., Wang, Y., and Crawford, M. A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-10 years from a mainstream school population. Res Dev.Disabil. 2010;31(3):718-730. View abstract.

Kirsch, C. M., Payan, D. G., Wong, M. Y., Dohlman, J. G., Blake, V. A., Petri, M. A., Offenberger, J., Goetzl, E. J., and Gold, W. M. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in asthma. Clin Allergy 1988;18(2):177-187. View abstract.

Klemens, C. M., Berman, D. R., and Mozurkewich, E. L. The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG. 2011;118(8):916-925. View abstract.

Kligler, B., Homel, P., Blank, A. E., Kenney, J., Levenson, H., and Merrell, W. Randomized trial of the effect of an integrative medicine approach to the management of asthma in adults on disease-related quality of life and pulmonary function. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17(1):10-15. View abstract.

Knapp, H. R. and FitzGerald, G. A. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 4-20-1989;320(16):1037-1043. View abstract.

Knudsen, V. K., Hansen, H. S., Osterdal, M. L., Mikkelsen, T. B., Mu, H., and Olsen, S. F. Fish oil in various doses or flax oil in pregnancy and timing of spontaneous delivery: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2006;113(5):536-543. View abstract.

Ko, G. D., Nowacki, N. B., Arseneau, L., Eitel, M., and Hum, A. Omega-3 fatty acids for neuropathic pain: case series. Clin J Pain 2010;26(2):168-172. View abstract.

Kolahi S, Ghorbanihaghjo A Alizadeh S Rashtchizadeh N Argani H Khabazzi AR Hajialilo M Bahreini E. Fish oil supplementation decreases serum soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(6):576-580.

Koletzko B, Sauerwald U Keicher U et al. Fatty acid profiles, antioxidant status, and growth of preterm infants fed diets without or with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(5):1.

Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., and Hanebutt, F. L. Omega-3 LC-PUFA supply and neurological outcomes in children with phenylketonuria (PKU). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48 Suppl 1:S2-S7. View abstract.

Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., Muller-Felber, W., and Hanebutt, F. L. Does dietary DHA improve neural function in children? Observations in phenylketonuria. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(2-3):159-164. View abstract.

Koletzko, B., Cetin, I., and Brenna, J. T. Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women. Br.J.Nutr. 2007;98(5):873-877. View abstract.

Konig, B., Spielmann, J., Haase, K., Brandsch, C., Kluge, H., Stangl, G. I., and Eder, K. Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPAR alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(2):355-363. View abstract.

Kooijmans-Coutinho, M. F., Rischen-Vos, J., Hermans, J., Arndt, J. W., and van der Woude, F. J. Dietary fish oil in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin-A: no beneficial effects shown. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7(3):513-518. View abstract.

Koretz, R. L. Maintaining remissions in Crohn's disease: a fat chance to please. Gastroenterology 1997;112(6):2155-2156. View abstract.

Koshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati M, and Esmaeili M. Effects of dietary omega3-fatty acid supplementation on the serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;4(2):1.

Kothny, W., Angerer, P., Stork, S., and von Schacky, C. Short term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the radial artery of patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1998;140(1):181-186. View abstract.

Kowey, P. R., Reiffel, J. A., Ellenbogen, K. A., Naccarelli, G. V., and Pratt, C. M. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 12-1-2010;304(21):2363-2372. View abstract.

Kratz, M., Callahan, H. S., Yang, P. Y., Matthys, C. C., and Weigle, D. S. Dietary n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and energy balance in overweight or moderately obese men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr.Metab (Lond) 2009;6:24. View abstract.

Krauss-Etschmann, S., Hartl, D., Rzehak, P., Heinrich, J., Shadid, R., Del, Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa, Campoy, C., Pardillo, S., Schendel, D. J., Decsi, T., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. V. Decreased cord blood IL-4, IL-13, and CCR4 and increased TGF-beta levels after fish oil supplementation of pregnant women. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2008;121(2):464-470. View abstract.

Krebs, J. D., Browning, L. M., McLean, N. K., Rothwell, J. L., Mishra, G. D., Moore, C. S., and Jebb, S. A. Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2006;30(10):1535-1544. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Bigauoette, J., Michalek, A. V., Timchalk, M. A., Lininger, L., Rynes, R. I., Huyck, C., Zieminski, J., and Bartholomew, L. E. Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1-26-1985;1(8422):184-187. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Jubiz, W., Michalek, A., Rynes, R. I., Bartholomew, L. E., Bigaouette, J., Timchalk, M., Beeler, D., and Lininger, L. Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106(4):497-503. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Lawrence, D. A., Jubiz, W., DiGiacomo, R., Rynes, R., Bartholomew, L. E., and Sherman, M. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(6):810-820. View abstract.

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Liang, B., Wang, S., Ye, Y. J., Yang, X. D., Wang, Y. L., Qu, J., Xie, Q. W., and Yin, M. J. Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients. World J.Gastroenterol. 4-21-2008;14(15):2434-2439. View abstract.

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Loeschke, K., Ueberschaer, B., Pietsch, A., Gruber, E., Ewe, K., Wiebecke, B., Heldwein, W., and Lorenz, R. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig.Dis.Sci. 1996;41(10):2087-2094. View abstract.

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Luis Roman, D. A., Bachiller, P., Izaola, O., Romero, E., Martin, J., Arranz, M., Eiros Bouza, J. M., and Aller, R. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus infection using an enterotropic peptide-based formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids: a randomized prospective trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(12):1048-1052. View abstract.

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Lungershausen, Y. K., Abbey, M., Nestel, P. J., and Howe, P. R. Reduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1994;12(9):1041-1045. View abstract.

Lungershausen, Y. K., Howe, P. R., Clifton, P. M., Hughes, C. R., Phillips, P., Graham, J. J., and Thomas, D. W. Evaluation of an omega-3 fatty acid supplement in diabetics with microalbuminuria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 9-20-1997;827:369-381. View abstract.

Lupattelli MR, Marchetti G, Postorino M, Franceschini L, Romeo N, Cudillo L, Lombardi S, Arcese W, and Bollea MR. Total parenteral nutrition enriched with glutamine and omega-3 fatty acid in adult patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. NUTR THER METAB 2009;27(1):39-45.

Maachi, K., Berthoux, P., Burgard, G., Alamartine, E., and Berthoux, F. Results of a 1-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid fish oil in renal transplantation under triple immunosuppressive therapy. Transplant.Proc 1995;27(1):846-849. View abstract.

Macchia, A., Levantesi, G., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Valagussa, F., and Marchioli, R. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur.J.Heart Fail. 2005;7(5):904-909. View abstract.

Macchia, A., Monte, S., Pellegrini, F., Romero, M., Ferrante, D., Doval, H., D'Ettorre, A., Maggioni, A. P., and Tognoni, G. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces one-year risk of atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2008;64(6):627-634. View abstract.

Mackness, M. I., Bhatnagar, D., Durrington, P. N., Prais, H., Haynes, B., Morgan, J., and Borthwick, L. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48(12):859-865. View abstract.

Maclean, C. H., Issa, A. M., Newberry, S. J., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Garland, R. H., Hilton, L. G., Traina, S. B., and Shekelle, P. G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia, and neurological diseases. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(114):1-3. View abstract.

Maclean, C. H., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Pencharz, J., Hasenfeld, Garland R., Tu, W., Newberry, S. J., Jungvig, L. K., Grossman, J., Khanna, P., Rhodes, S., and Shekelle, P. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(89):1-4. View abstract.

Maclean, C. H., Mojica, W. A., Newberry, S. J., Pencharz, J., Garland, R. H., Tu, W., Hilton, L. G., Gralnek, I. M., Rhodes, S., Khanna, P., and Morton, S. C. Systematic review of the effects of n-3 fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2005;82(3):611-619. View abstract.

Maclean, C. H., Newberry, S. J., Mojica, W. A., Issa, A., Khanna, P., Lim, Y. W., Morton, S. C., Suttorp, M., Tu, W., Hilton, L. G., Garland, R. H., Traina, S. B., and Shekelle, P. G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(113):1-4. View abstract.

Madden, J., Shearman, C. P., Dunn, R. L., Dastur, N. D., Tan, R. M., Nash, G. B., Rainger, G. E., Brunner, A., Calder, P. C., and Grimble, R. F. Altered monocyte CD44 expression in peripheral arterial disease is corrected by fish oil supplementation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(4):247-252. View abstract.

Maffettone A. [Long-term effects (six months) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglycaeridemia]. Giornale Italiano di Diabetologia 1996;16:185-193.

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Magaro, M., Altomonte, L., Zoli, A., Mirone, L., De, Sole P., Di, Mario G., Lippa, S., and Oradei, A. Influence of diet with different lipid composition on neutrophil chemiluminescence and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 1988;47(10):793-796. View abstract.

Mahmoodi MR, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Rajab A, and Hedayati M. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids plus vitamin E and vitamin C plus zinc supplementations on glycemic control in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2010;4(4):2.

Mahmoodi MR, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Rajab A, and Hedayati M. The effects of omega-3 plus vitamin E and vitamin C plus zinc supplementations on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;4(3):1.

Maki, K. C., Reeves, M. S., Farmer, M., Griinari, M., Berge, K., Vik, H., Hubacher, R., and Rains, T. M. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr.Res. 2009;29(9):609-615. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Collins, C. T., Davis, P. G., Doyle, L. W., Simmer, K., Colditz, P. B., Morris, S., Smithers, L. G., Willson, K., and Ryan, P. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1-14-2009;301(2):175-182. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Yelland, L., Quinlivan, J., and Ryan, P. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 10-20-2010;304(15):1675-1683. View abstract.

Malaguarnera, M., Restuccia, N., Fazio, I. D., Panebianco, M. P., Gulizia, G., and Giugno, I. Fish oil treatment of interferon-alpha-induced dyslipidaemia: study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. BioDrugs. 1999;11(4):285-291. View abstract.

Malcolm, C. A., Hamilton, R., McCulloch, D. L., Montgomery, C., and Weaver, L. T. Scotopic electroretinogram in term infants born of mothers supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2003;44(8):3685-3691. View abstract.

Mallah, H. S., Brown, M. R., Rossi, T. M., and Block, R. C. Parenteral fish oil-associated burr cell anemia. J Pediatr 2010;156(2):324-326. View abstract.

Mantzaris GJ, Archavlis E Zografos C et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study of fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Hellenic J Gastroenterol. 1996;9:138-141.

Marangell, L. B., Martinez, J. M., Zboyan, H. A., Chong, H., and Puryear, L. J. Omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of postpartum depression: negative data from a preliminary, open-label pilot study. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19(1):20-23. View abstract.

Marangell, L. B., Suppes, T., Ketter, T. A., Dennehy, E. B., Zboyan, H., Kertz, B., Nierenberg, A., Calabrese, J., Wisniewski, S. R., and Sachs, G. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: clinical and research considerations. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(4-5):315-321. View abstract.

Marchioli, R., Barzi, F., Bomba, E., Chieffo, C., Di, Gregorio D., Di, Mascio R., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Levantesi, G., Maggioni, A. P., Mantini, L., Marfisi, R. M., Mastrogiuseppe, G., Mininni, N., Nicolosi, G. L., Santini, M., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Tucci, C., and Valagussa, F. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 4-23-2002;105(16):1897-1903. View abstract.

Marchioli, R., Levantesi, G., Macchia, A., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R. M., Silletta, M. G., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., and Valagussa, F. Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of n-3 PUFA and the results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. J.Membr.Biol. 2005;206(2):117-128. View abstract.

Marckmann P, Bladbjerg E M Jespersen J. Dietary fish oil (4 g daily) and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology. 1997;17(12):3384-3391.

Margolin, G., Huster, G., Glueck, C. J., Speirs, J., Vandegrift, J., Illig, E., Wu, J., Streicher, P., and Tracy, T. Blood pressure lowering in elderly subjects: a double-blind crossover study of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(2):562-572. View abstract.

Margos P, Leftheriotis D Katsouras G Livanis EG Kremastinos DT. Influence of n-3 fatty acids intake on secondary prevention after cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Europace 2007;9(iii):51.

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Marks, G. B., Mihrshahi, S., Kemp, A. S., Tovey, E. R., Webb, K., Almqvist, C., Ampon, R. D., Crisafulli, D., Belousova, E. G., Mellis, C. M., Peat, J. K., and Leeder, S. R. Prevention of asthma during the first 5 years of life: a randomized controlled trial. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2006;118(1):53-61. View abstract.

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Marshall, M. and Rathbone, J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(6):CD004718. View abstract.

Martin-Bautista, E., Munoz-Torres, M., Fonolla, J., Quesada, M., Poyatos, A., and Lopez-Huertas, E. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutr Res 2010;30(5):320-326. View abstract.

Martinez, M., Vazquez, E., Garcia-Silva, M. T., Manzanares, J., Bertran, J. M., Castello, F., and Mougan, I. Therapeutic effects of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):376S-385S. View abstract.

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Matsuyama, W., Mitsuyama, H., Watanabe, M., Oonakahara, K., Higashimoto, I., Osame, M., and Arimura, K. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in COPD. Chest 2005;128(6):3817-3827. View abstract.

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McGrath, L. T., Brennan, G. M., Donnelly, J. P., Johnston, G. D., Hayes, J. R., and McVeigh, G. E. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 4-5-1996;121(2):275-283. View abstract.

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McNamara, R. K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J. C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K., DelBello, M. P., Strakowski, S. M., and Adler, C. M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):1060-1067. View abstract.

McVeigh, G. E., Brennan, G. M., Johnston, G. D., McDermott, B. J., McGrath, L. T., Henry, W. R., Andrews, J. W., and Hayes, J. R. Dietary fish oil augments nitric oxide production or release in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1993;36(1):33-38. View abstract.

Mebarek, S., Ermak, N., Benzaria, A., Vicca, S., Dubois, M., Nemoz, G., Laville, M., Lacour, B., Vericel, E., Lagarde, M., and Prigent, A. F. Effects of increasing docosahexaenoic acid intake in human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte activation and monocyte apoptosis. Br J Nutr 2009;101(6):852-858. View abstract.

Meguid, N. A., Atta, H. M., Gouda, A. S., and Khalil, R. O. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of Egyptian children with autism. Clin Biochem 2008;41(13):1044-1048. View abstract.

Mehra, M. R., Lavie, C. J., Ventura, H. O., and Milani, R. V. Fish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failure. J.Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(7):834-838. View abstract.

Mehrotra B and Ronquillo J. Dietary supplementation in hem/onc outpatients at a tertiary care hospital. American Society of Clinical Oncology 38th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, May 18-21, 2002. 9999;1.

Mehta, J. L., Lopez, L. M., Lawson, D., Wargovich, T. J., and Williams, L. L. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Effects on indices of platelet and neutrophil function and exercise performance. Am J Med 1988;84(1):45-52. View abstract.

Meigel, W., Dettke, T., Meigel, E. M., and Lenze, U. [Additional oral therapy of atopic dermatitis with unsaturated fatty acids]. Z.Hautkr. 1987;62 Suppl 1:100-103. View abstract.

Mellor, JE, Laugharne JD, and Peet M. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenic patients. Human Psychopharmacol 1996;11:39-46.

Mertes, N., Grimm, H., Furst, P., and Stehle, P. Safety and efficacy of a new parenteral lipid emulsion (SMOFlipid) in surgical patients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Ann.Nutr.Metab 2006;50(3):253-259. View abstract.

Meshcheriakova, V. A., Plotnikova, O. A., Sharafetdinov, KhKh, Alekseeva, R. I., Mal'tsev, G. I., and Kulakova, S. N. [Comparative study of effects of diet therapy including eiconol or linseed oil on several parameters of lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Vopr.Pitan. 2001;70(2):28-31. View abstract.

Metcalf, R. G., James, M. J., Gibson, R. A., Edwards, J. R., Stubberfield, J., Stuklis, R., Roberts-Thomson, K., Young, G. D., and Cleland, L. G. Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;85(5):1222-1228. View abstract.

Metcalf, R. G., Sanders, P., James, M. J., Cleland, L. G., and Young, G. D. Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the inducibility of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 3-15-2008;101(6):758-761. View abstract.

Meydani, M., Natiello, F., Goldin, B., Free, N., Woods, M., Schaefer, E., Blumberg, J. B., and Gorbach, S. L. Effect of long-term fish oil supplementation on vitamin E status and lipid peroxidation in women. J Nutr 1991;121(4):484-491. View abstract.

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Michaeli, B., Berger, M. M., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., and Chiolero, R. Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clin.Nutr. 2007;26(1):70-77. View abstract.

Mickleborough, T. D., Lindley, M. R., Ionescu, A. A., and Fly, A. D. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest 2006;129(1):39-49. View abstract.

Mickleborough, T. D., Murray, R. L., Ionescu, A. A., and Lindley, M. R. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 11-15-2003;168(10):1181-1189. View abstract.

Middleton, S. J., Naylor, S., Woolner, J., and Hunter, J. O. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2002;16(6):1131-1135. View abstract.

Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Marks, G. B., Mellis, C. M., Tovey, E. R., Webb, K., Britton, W. J., and Leeder, S. R. Eighteen-month outcomes of house dust mite avoidance and dietary fatty acid modification in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2003;111(1):162-168. View abstract.

Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Webb, K., Oddy, W., Marks, G. B., and Mellis, C. M. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid concentrations in plasma on symptoms of asthma at 18 months of age. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(6):517-522. View abstract.

Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Webb, K., Tovey, E. R., Marks, G. B., Mellis, C. M., and Leeder, S. R. The childhood asthma prevention study (CAPS): design and research protocol of a randomized trial for the primary prevention of asthma. Control Clin.Trials 2001;22(3):333-354. View abstract.

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Miller, J. P., Heath, I. D., Choraria, S. K., Shephard, N. W., Gajendragadkar, R. V., Harcus, A. W., Batson, G. A., Smith, D. W., and Saynor, R. Triglyceride lowering effect of MaxEPA fish lipid concentrate: a multicentre placebo controlled double blind study. Clin Chim.Acta 12-30-1988;178(3):251-259. View abstract.

Mills, S. C., von Roon, A. C., Tekkis, P. P., and Orchard, T. R. Crohn's disease. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2011;2011 View abstract.

Milner, M. R., Gallino, R. A., Leffingwell, A., Pichard, A. D., Brooks-Robinson, S., Rosenberg, J., Little, T., and Lindsay, J., Jr. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am.J Cardiol. 8-1-1989;64(5):294-299. View abstract.

Milte, C. M., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., Hill, A. M., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1083-1088. View abstract.

Milte, C. M., Sinn, N., and Howe, P. R. Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease: towards an omega-3 index for mental health? Nutr Rev 2009;67(10):573-590. View abstract.

Mindrescu, C., Gupta, R. P., Hermance, E. V., DeVoe, M. C., Soma, V. R., Coppola, J. T., and Staniloae, C. S. Omega-3 fatty acids plus rosuvastatin improves endothelial function in South Asians with dyslipidemia. Vasc.Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1439-1447. View abstract.

Minoura, T., Takata, T., Sakaguchi, M., Takada, H., Yamamura, M., Hioki, K., and Yamamoto, M. Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 9-1-1988;48(17):4790-4794. View abstract.

Mischoulon, D. and Fava, M. Docosahexanoic acid and omega-3 fatty acids in depression. Psychiatr.Clin North Am 2000;23(4):785-794. View abstract.

Mischoulon, D., Best-Popescu, C., Laposata, M., Merens, W., Murakami, J. L., Wu, S. L., Papakostas, G. I., Dording, C. M., Sonawalla, S. B., Nierenberg, A. A., Alpert, J. E., and Fava, M. A double-blind dose-finding pilot study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(9):639-645. View abstract.

Mischoulon, D., Papakostas, G. I., Dording, C. M., Farabaugh, A. H., Sonawalla, S. B., Agoston, A. M., Smith, J., Beaumont, E. C., Dahan, L. E., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., and Fava, M. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate for major depressive disorder. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2009;70(12):1636-1644. View abstract.

Mita, T., Watada, H., Ogihara, T., Nomiyama, T., Ogawa, O., Kinoshita, J., Shimizu, T., Hirose, T., Tanaka, Y., and Kawamori, R. Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2007;191(1):162-167. View abstract.

Moertl, D., Hammer, A., Steiner, S., Hutuleac, R., Vonbank, K., and Berger, R. Dose-dependent effects of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on systolic left ventricular function, endothelial function, and markers of inflammation in chronic heart failure of nonischemic origin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm study. Am.Heart J. 2011;161(5):915-919. View abstract.

Moghadamnia, A. A., Mirhosseini, N., Abadi, M. H., Omranirad, A., and Omidvar, S. Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr.Health J. 2010;16(4):408-413. View abstract.

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Montgomery, P. and Richardson, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(2):CD005169. View abstract.

Moore, N. G., Wang-Johanning, F., Chang, P. L., and Johanning, G. L. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease protein kinase expression in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;67(3):279-283. View abstract.

Morgan, D. R., Dixon, L. J., Hanratty, C. G., El-Sherbeeny, N., Hamilton, P. B., McGrath, L. T., Leahey, W. J., Johnston, G. D., and McVeigh, G. E. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2-15-2006;97(4):547-551. View abstract.

Morgan, W. A., Raskin, P., and Rosenstock, J. A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18(1):83-86. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morris, J., and Ritchie, J. Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1997;17(2):279-286. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morris, J., and Ritchie, J. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(5):1060-1068. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Mahanian, F., and Douglas, A. Plasma lipid levels and platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease following fish oil and olive oil supplementation. Metabolism 1992;41(10):1059-1067. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Masarei, J. R., Rouse, I. L., and Dunbar, D. Comparison of diets supplemented with fish oil or olive oil on plasma lipoproteins in insulin-dependent diabetics. Metabolism 1991;40(3):241-246. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Watts, G. F., Burke, V., Hilme, E., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men. Circulation 9-12-2000;102(11):1264-1269. View abstract.

Morris, C. R. and Agin, M. C. Syndrome of allergy, apraxia, and malabsorption: characterization of a neurodevelopmental phenotype that responds to omega 3 and vitamin E supplementation. Altern.Ther Health Med. 2009;15(4):34-43. View abstract.

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Mortensen, J. Z., Schmidt, E. B., Nielsen, A. H., and Dyerberg, J. The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb.Haemost. 8-30-1983;50(2):543-546. View abstract.

Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Bjorgaas, M. R., Lydersen, S., and Grill, V. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(3):540-550. View abstract.

Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Lydersen, S., and Grill, V. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(3):419-429. View abstract.

Mozaffarian, D., Stein, P. K., Prineas, R. J., and Siscovick, D. S. Dietary fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 3-4-2008;117(9):1130-1137. View abstract.

Mozurkewich, E. L. and Klemens, C. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy: current implications for practice. Curr.Opin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2012;24(2):72-77. View abstract.

Muhlhausler, B. S., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy or lactation on infant and child body composition: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;92(4):857-863. View abstract.

Muhlhausler, B. S., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. The effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on body fat mass in the offspring: a systematic review of animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2011;85(2):83-88. View abstract.

Murakami, K., Mizoue, T., Sasaki, S., Ohta, M., Sato, M., Matsushita, Y., and Mishima, N. Dietary intake of folate, other B vitamins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to depressive symptoms in Japanese adults. Nutrition 2008;24(2):140-147. View abstract.

Musa-Veloso, K., Binns, M. A., Kocenas, A. C., Poon, T., Elliot, J. A., Rice, H., Oppedal-Olsen, H., Lloyd, H., and Lemke, S. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid dose-dependently reduce fasting serum triglycerides. Nutr Rev 2010;68(3):155-167. View abstract.

Musa-Veloso, K., Binns, M. A., Kocenas, A., Chung, C., Rice, H., Oppedal-Olsen, H., Lloyd, H., and Lemke, S. Impact of low v. moderate intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids on risk of coronary heart disease. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;106(8):1129-1141. View abstract.

Muthayya, S., Dwarkanath, P., Thomas, T., Ramprakash, S., Mehra, R., Mhaskar, A., Mhaskar, R., Thomas, A., Bhat, S., Vaz, M., and Kurpad, A. V. The effect of fish and omega-3 LCPUFA intake on low birth weight in Indian pregnant women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(3):340-346. View abstract.

Naber, F. B., Oudkerk, Pool M., Teerlink, T., Popp-Snijders, C., Gans, R. O., and Bilo, H. J. [Effect of short-term use of omega-3-type polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia]. Ned Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 8-1-1992;136(31):1511-1514. View abstract.

Nagakura, T., Matsuda, S., Shichijyo, K., Sugimoto, H., and Hata, K. Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir.J 2000;16(5):861-865. View abstract.

Nagata, C., Takatsuka, N., and Shimizu, H. Soy and fish oil intake and mortality in a Japanese community. Am J Epidemiol. 11-1-2002;156(9):824-831. View abstract.

Nakamura, K., Kariyazono, H., Komokata, T., Hamada, N., Sakata, R., and Yamada, K. Influence of preoperative administration of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer. Nutrition 2005;21(6):639-649. View abstract.

Nakamura, N., Hamazaki, T., Ohta, M., Okuda, K., Urakaze, M., Sawazaki, S., Yamazaki, K., Satoh, A., Temaru, R., Ishikura, Y., Takata, M., Kishida, M., and Kobayashi, M. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Lab Res 1999;29(1):22-25. View abstract.

Natvig, H., Borchgrevink, C. F., Dedichen, J., Owren, P. A., Schiotz, E. H., and Westlund, K. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. The Norwegian vegetable oil experiment of 1965- 66. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1968;105:1-20. View abstract.

Nelson, T. L., Stevens, J. R., and Hickey, M. S. Adiponectin levels are reduced, independent of polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene, after supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid among healthy adults. Metabolism 2007;56(9):1209-1215. View abstract.

Nemets, B., Osher, Y., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 fatty acids and augmentation strategies in treating resistant depression. Essent.Psychopharmacol. 2004;6(1):59-64. View abstract.

Nemets, H., Nemets, B., Apter, A., Bracha, Z., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am.J.Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1098-1100. View abstract.

Nestel, P., Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(2):326-330. View abstract.

Ng, R. C., Hirata, C. K., Yeung, W., Haller, E., and Finley, P. R. Pharmacologic treatment for postpartum depression: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30(9):928-941. View abstract.

Nielsen, A. A., Jorgensen, L. G., Nielsen, J. N., Eivindson, M., Gronbaek, H., Vind, I., Hougaard, D. M., Skogstrand, K., Jensen, S., Munkholm, P., Brandslund, I., and Hey, H. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega-6 fatty acids. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2005;22(11-12):1121-1128. View abstract.

Nielsen, G. L., Faarvang, K. L., Thomsen, B. S., Teglbjaerg, K. L., Jensen, L. T., Hansen, T. M., Lervang, H. H., Schmidt, E. B., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. The effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind trial. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22(10):687-691. View abstract.

Ninio, D. M., Hill, A. M., Howe, P. R., Buckley, J. D., and Saint, D. A. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart rate responses to exercise in overweight adults. Br J Nutr 2008;100(5):1097-1103. View abstract.

No Author. Weighing the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for childhood depression. BROWN UNIV CHILD ADOLESC PSYCHOPHARMACOL UPDATE 2006;8(8):1-4.

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Nodari, S., Triggiani, M., Campia, U., Manerba, A., Milesi, G., Cesana, B. M., Gheorghiade, M., and Dei, Cas L. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion: a prospective, randomized study. Circulation 9-6-2011;124(10):1100-1106. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Barstad, L., Connor, W. E., and Hatcher, L. Absorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1185-1190. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Bonaa, K. H., Nilsen, H., Berge, R. K., Hansen, J. B., and Ingebretsen, O. C. Effects of Simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. J Intern Med 1998;243(2):163-170. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Hansen, J. B., Brox, J., and Svensson, B. Effects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2001;11(1):7-16. View abstract.

Normen, L., Yip, B., Montaner, J., Harris, M., Frohlich, J., Bondy, G., and Hogg, R. S. Use of metabolic drugs and fish oil in HIV-positive patients with metabolic complications and associations with dyslipidaemia and treatment targets. HIV.Med 2007;8(6):346-356. View abstract.

Norris, J. M., Yin, X., Lamb, M. M., Barriga, K., Seifert, J., Hoffman, M., Orton, H. D., Baron, A. E., Clare-Salzler, M., Chase, H. P., Szabo, N. J., Erlich, H., Eisenbarth, G. S., and Rewers, M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes. JAMA 9-26-2007;298(12):1420-1428. View abstract.

Norris, P. G., Jones, C. J., and Weston, M. J. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 7-12-1986;293(6539):104-105. View abstract.

Nye, E. R., Ablett, M. B., Robertson, M. C., Ilsley, C. D., and Sutherland, W. H. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Aust N Z.J Med 1990;20(4):549-552. View abstract.

O'Connor, G. T., Malenka, D. J., Olmstead, E. M., Johnson, P. S., and Hennekens, C. H. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of fish oil in prevention of restenosis following coronary angioplasty. Am J Prev Med 1992;8(3):186-192. View abstract.

O'Keefe, J. H., Jr., Abuissa, H., Sastre, A., Steinhaus, D. M., and Harris, W. S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 4-15-2006;97(8):1127-1130. View abstract.

Oddy, W. H., de Klerk, N. H., Kendall, G. E., Mihrshahi, S., and Peat, J. K. Ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and childhood asthma. J Asthma 2004;41(3):319-326. View abstract.

Oe, H., Hozumi, T., Murata, E., Matsuura, H., Negishi, K., Matsumura, Y., Iwata, S., Ogawa, K., Sugioka, K., Takemoto, Y., Shimada, K., Yoshiyama, M., Ishikura, Y., Kiso, Y., and Yoshikawa, J. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases coronary flow velocity reserve in Japanese elderly individuals. Heart 2008;94(3):316-321. View abstract.

Oien, T., Storro, O., and Johnsen, R. Do early intake of fish and fish oil protect against eczema and doctor-diagnosed asthma at 2 years of age? A cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64(2):124-129. View abstract.

Okamoto, M., Mitsunobu, F., Ashida, K., Mifune, T., Hosaki, Y., Tsugeno, H., Harada, S., and Tanizaki, Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids on bronchial asthma. Intern Med 2000;39(2):107-111. View abstract.

Oliveira, J. M. and Rondo, P. H. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV.Clin.Trials 2011;12(5):268-274. View abstract.

Oliver, C. and Jahnke, N. Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(8):CD002201. View abstract.

Olsen, S. F. and Secher, N. J. Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2-23-2002;324(7335):447. View abstract.

Olsen, S. F., Osterdal, M. L., Salvig, J. D., Mortensen, L. M., Rytter, D., Secher, N. J., and Henriksen, T. B. Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(1):167-175. View abstract.

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Olza, J., Mesa, M. D., Aguilera, C. M., Moreno-Torres, R., Jimenez, A., Perez, de la Cruz, and Gil, A. Influence of an eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula on plasma fatty acid composition and biomarkers of insulin resistance in the elderly. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(1):31-37. View abstract.

Oomen, C. M., Ocke, M. C., Feskens, E. J., Kok, F. J., and Kromhout, D. alpha-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74(4):457-463.

Oomen, C. M., Ocke, M. C., Feskens, E. J., van Erp-Baart, M. A., Kok, F. J., and Kromhout, D. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: a prospective population-based study. Lancet 3-10-2001;357(9258):746-751. View abstract.

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Ortega, R. M., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, E., and Lopez-Sobaler, A. M. Effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S261-S270. View abstract.

Osher, Y., Bersudsky, Y., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: report of a small open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(6):726-729. View abstract.

Otto, C., Kaemmerer, U., Illert, B., Muehling, B., Pfetzer, N., Wittig, R., Voelker, H. U., Thiede, A., and Coy, J. F. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC.Cancer 2008;8:122. View abstract.

Ozaydin, M., Erdogan, D., Tayyar, S., Uysal, B. A., Dogan, A., Icli, A., Ozkan, E., Varol, E., Turker, Y., and Arslan, A. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids administration does not reduce the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation and inflammation after electrical cardioversion: a prospective randomized study. Anadolu.Kardiyol.Derg. 2011;11(4):305-309. View abstract.

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Panchaud, A., Sauty, A., Kernen, Y., Decosterd, L. A., Buclin, T., Boulat, O., Hug, C., Pilet, M., and Roulet, M. Biological effects of a dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, crossover placebo-controlled trial. Clin.Nutr. 2006;25(3):418-427. View abstract.

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Parinyasiri, U., Ong-Ajyooth, L., Parichatikanond, P., Ong-Ajyooth, S., Liammongkolkul, S., and Kanyog, S. Effect of fish oil on oxidative stress, lipid profile and renal function in IgA nephropathy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(2):143-149. View abstract.

Parker, G. B., Heruc, G. A., Hilton, T. M., Olley, A., Brotchie, H., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Friend, C., Walsh, W. F., and Stocker, R. Low levels of docosahexaenoic acid identified in acute coronary syndrome patients with depression. Psychiatry Res 3-30-2006;141(3):279-286. View abstract.

Parker, H. M., Johnson, N. A., Burdon, C. A., Cohn, J. S., O'Connor, H. T., and George, J. Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J.Hepatol. 2012;56(4):944-951. View abstract.

Parra, D., Ramel, A., Bandarra, N., Kiely, M., Martinez, J. A., and Thorsdottir, I. A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite 2008;51(3):676-680. View abstract.

Paschos, G. K., Zampelas, A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Katsiougiannis, S., Griffin, B. A., Votteas, V., and Skopouli, F. N. Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):315-320. View abstract.

Pase, M. P., Grima, N. A., and Sarris, J. Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;106(7):974-980. View abstract.

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Patrick, L and Salik, R. The effect of essential fatty acid supplementation on language development and learning skills in autism and asperger's syndrome. Autism Asperger's Digest 2005;36-37.

Payan, D. G., Wong, M. Y., Chernov-Rogan, T., Valone, F. H., Pickett, W. C., Blake, V. A., Gold, W. M., and Goetzl, E. J. Alterations in human leukocyte function induced by ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid. J.Clin.Immunol. 1986;6(5):402-410. View abstract.

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Pelikanova, T., Kohout, M., Valek, J., Kazdova, L., and Base, J. Metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin- dependent) diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:272-278. View abstract.

Pelikanova, T., Kohout, M., Valek, J., Kazdova, L., Karasova, L., Base, J., and Stefka, Z. [The effect of fish oil on the secretion and effect of insulin in patients with type II diabetes]. Cas.Lek.Cesk. 11-6-1992;131(22):668-672. View abstract.

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Persson, C., Glimelius, B., Ronnelid, J., and Nygren, P. Impact of fish oil and melatonin on cachexia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized pilot study. Nutrition 2005;21(2):170-178. View abstract.

Peters, B. S., Wierzbicki, A. S., Moyle, G., Nair, D., and Brockmeyer, N. The effect of a 12-week course of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid parameters in hypertriglyceridemic adult HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Clin.Ther. 2012;34(1):67-76. View abstract.

Pettersson, E. E., Rekola, S., Berglund, L., Sundqvist, K. G., Angelin, B., Diczfalusy, U., Bjorkhem, I., and Bergstrom, J. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin Nephrol 1994;41(4):183-190. View abstract.

Phillipson, B. E., Rothrock, D. W., Connor, W. E., Harris, W. S., and Illingworth, D. R. Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 5-9-1985;312(19):1210-1216. View abstract.

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Piolot, A., Blache, D., Boulet, L., Fortin, L. J., Dubreuil, D., Marcoux, C., Davignon, J., and Lussier-Cacan, S. Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J.Lab Clin.Med. 2003;141(1):41-49. View abstract.

Politi, P., Cena, H., Comelli, M., Marrone, G., Allegri, C., Emanuele, E., and Ucelli di, Nemi S. Behavioral effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in young adults with severe autism: an open label study. Arch Med Res 2008;39(7):682-685. View abstract.

Pontes-Arruda, A., Aragao, A. M., and Albuquerque, J. D. Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(9):2325-2333. View abstract.

Pooya, Sh, Jalali, M. D., Jazayery, A. D., Saedisomeolia, A., Eshraghian, M. R., and Toorang, F. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(5):326-331. View abstract.

Popp-Snijders, C., Schouten, J. A., Heine, R. J., van der, Meer J., and van der Veen, E. A. Dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res 1987;4(3):141-147. View abstract.

Poppitt, S. D., Howe, C. A., Lithander, F. E., Silvers, K. M., Lin, R. B., Croft, J., Ratnasabapathy, Y., Gibson, R. A., and Anderson, C. S. Effects of moderate-dose omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2009;40(11):3485-3492. View abstract.

Portwood, M. M. The role of dietary fatty acids in children's behaviour and learning. Nutr Health 2006;18(3):233-247. View abstract.

Pouwer, F., Nijpels, G., Beekman, A. T., Dekker, J. M., van Dam, R. M., Heine, R. J., and Snoek, F. J. Fat food for a bad mood. Could we treat and prevent depression in Type 2 diabetes by means of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids? A review of the evidence. Diabet.Med 2005;22(11):1465-1475. View abstract.

Pratt, C. M., Reiffel, J. A., Ellenbogen, K. A., Naccarelli, G. V., and Kowey, P. R. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a prospective study. Am Heart J 2009;158(2):163-169. View abstract.

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Puri, B. K., Koepp, M. J., Holmes, J., Hamilton, G., and Yuen, A. W. A 31-phosphorus neurospectroscopy study of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in patients with chronic refractory epilepsy. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(2):105-107. View abstract.

Pyzh, M. V., Gratsianskii, N. A., and Dobrovol'skii, A. B. [The effect of the long-term use of a diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition, fibrinolytic system indices and lipid spectrum of the blood in patients with ischemic heart disease]. Kardiologiia. 1993;33(10):46-50. View abstract.

Quinn, J. F., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Yurko-Mauro, K., Nelson, E. B., Van, Dyck C., Galvin, J. E., Emond, J., Jack, C. R., Jr., Weiner, M., Shinto, L., and Aisen, P. S. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 11-3-2010;304(17):1903-1911. View abstract.

Raatz, S. K., Redmon, J. B., Wimmergren, N., Donadio, J. V., and Bibus, D. M. Enhanced absorption of n-3 fatty acids from emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109(6):1076-1081. View abstract.

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Radack, K. L., Deck, C. C., and Huster, G. A. n-3 fatty acid effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins at very low doses: results of a randomized controlled trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(4):599-605. View abstract.

Radack, K., Deck, C., and Huster, G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch.Intern.Med. 1991;151(6):1173-1180. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan, U., Stein, A. D., Parra-Cabrera, S., Wang, M., Imhoff-Kunsch, B., Juarez-Marquez, S., Rivera, J., and Martorell, R. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2010;31(2 Suppl):S108-S116. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of weight loss and seafood consumption on inflammation parameters in young, overweight and obese European men and women during 8 weeks of energy restriction. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;64(9):987-993. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction. Nutrition 2010;26(2):168-174. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Parra, D., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults. Eur.J.Nutr. 2009;48(2):107-114. View abstract.

Rasmussen, B. M., Vessby, B., Uusitupa, M., Berglund, L., Pedersen, E., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Tapsell, L., and Hermansen, K. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):221-226. View abstract.

Raz, R., Carasso, R. L., and Yehuda, S. The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J.Child Adolesc.Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(2):167-177. View abstract.

Reddy, B. S. and Maruyama, H. Effect of dietary fish oil on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Cancer Res 1986;46(7):3367-3370. View abstract.

Reddy, B. S., Burill, C., and Rigotty, J. Effect of diets high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on initiation and postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1-15-1991;51(2):487-491. View abstract.

Rees, A. M., Austin, M. P., and Parker, G. B. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(3):199-205. View abstract.

Rees, D., Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., Roynette, C. E., Wahle, K. W., and Calder, P. C. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):331-342. View abstract.

Reid, S., Cawthon, P. M., Craig, J. C., Samuels, J. A., Molony, D. A., and Strippoli, G. F. Non-immunosuppressive treatment for IgA nephropathy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(3):CD003962. View abstract.

Rein, P., Saely, C. H., Aczel, S., Patsch, B., and Drexel, H. Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduce postprandial triglyceridemia in male smokers: a pilot study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(2):e3-e4. View abstract.

Reis, G. J., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Silverman, D. I., McCabe, C. H., Baim, D. S., Sacks, F. M., Grossman, W., and Pasternak, R. C. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet 7-22-1989;2(8656):177-181. View abstract.

Reis, G. J., Silverman, D. I., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Horowitz, G. L., Sacks, F. M., and Pasternak, R. C. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 11-15-1990;66(17):1171-1175. View abstract.

Reisman, J., Schachter, H. M., Dales, R. E., Tran, K., Kourad, K., Barnes, D., Sampson, M., Morrison, A., Gaboury, I., and Blackman, J. Treating asthma with omega-3 fatty acids: where is the evidence? A systematic review. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2006;6:26. View abstract.

Remans, P. H., Sont, J. K., Wagenaar, L. W., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Zuijderduin, W. M., Jongma, A., Breedveld, F. C., and Van Laar, J. M. Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(6):839-845. View abstract.

Rhodes, L. E., Durham, B. H., Fraser, W. D., and Friedmann, P. S. Dietary fish oil reduces basal and ultraviolet B-generated PGE2 levels in skin and increases the threshold to provocation of polymorphic light eruption. J.Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(4):532-535. View abstract.

Richardson, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18(2):155-172. View abstract.

Riemer, S., Maes, M., Christophe, A., and Rief, W. Lowered omega-3 PUFAs are related to major depression, but not to somatization syndrome. J Affect.Disord 2010;123(1-3):173-180. View abstract.

Ries, A., Trottenberg, P., Elsner, F., Stiel, S., Haugen, D., Kaasa, S., and Radbruch, L. A systematic review on the role of fish oil for the treatment of cachexia in advanced cancer: an EPCRC cachexia guidelines project. Palliat.Med. 2012;26(4):294-304. View abstract.

Ripoll, L. H. Clinical psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder: an update on the available evidence in light of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5. Curr.Opin.Psychiatry 2012;25(1):52-58. View abstract.

Rivellese, A. A., Maffettone, A., Iovine, C., Di Marino, L., Annuzzi, G., Mancini, M., and Riccardi, G. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1207-1213. View abstract.

Rizos, E. C., Ntzani, E. E., Bika, E., Kostapanos, M. S., and Elisaf, M. S. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 9-12-2012;308(10):1024-1033. View abstract.

Rizza, S., Tesauro, M., Cardillo, C., Galli, A., Iantorno, M., Gigli, F., Sbraccia, P., Federici, M., Quon, M. J., and Lauro, D. Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2009;206(2):569-574. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Knoell, C. T., Urakaze, M., Huang, R., Taki, H., Sugiyama, E., Xu, L. L., Yeh, E. T., Olesiak, W., Guo, M., and . Suppression of autoimmune disease by omega-3 fatty acids. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995;23(2):287-291. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Prickett, J. D., Makoul, G. T., Steinberg, A. D., and Colvin, R. B. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB and MRL/1 strains. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29(4):539-546. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Xu, L. L., Tateno, S., Guo, M., and Colvin, R. B. Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1993;34(8):1435-1444. View abstract.

Roche, H. M. and Gibney, M. J. Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: the effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(9):617-624. View abstract.

Rodriguez AP, De Bonis E, Gonzalez-Posada JM, Torres A, and Perez L. Treatment of hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation: Comparative effect of lovastatin and omega-3 fatty acids. Nefrologia 1997;17(1):49-54.

Rodriguez, G., Iglesia, I., Bel-Serrat, S., and Moreno, L. A. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the perinatal period on later body composition. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S117-S128. View abstract.

Rogers, P. J., Appleton, K. M., Kessler, D., Peters, T. J., Gunnell, D., Hayward, R. C., Heatherley, S. V., Christian, L. M., McNaughton, S. A., and Ness, A. R. No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2008;99(2):421-431. View abstract.

Rollins, C. J. Effect of intravenous omega-3 fatty acids on clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2010;34(2):169-170. View abstract.

Rollins, M. D., Scaife, E. R., Jackson, W. D., Meyers, R. L., Mulroy, C. W., and Book, L. S. Elimination of soybean lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition and supplementation with enteral fish oil improve cholestasis in infants with short bowel syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2010;25(2):199-204. View abstract.

Romano, C., Cucchiara, S., Barabino, A., Annese, V., and Sferlazzas, C. Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J.Gastroenterol. 12-7-2005;11(45):7118-7121. View abstract.

Romieu, I., Garcia-Esteban, R., Sunyer, J., Rios, C., Alcaraz-Zubeldia, M., Velasco, S. R., and Holguin, F. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of oxidative stress in elderly exposed to PM(2.5). Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1237-1242. View abstract.

Romieu, I., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Lazo, M., Manzano-Patino, A., Cortez-Lugo, M., Julien, P., Belanger, M. C., Hernandez-Avila, M., and Holguin, F. Omega-3 fatty acid prevents heart rate variability reductions associated with particulate matter. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med 12-15-2005;172(12):1534-1540. View abstract.

Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Opizzi, A., Pelucchi, C., La, Vecchia C., Montorfano, G., Negroni, M., Berra, B., Politi, P., and Rizzo, A. M. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2010;29(1):55-64. View abstract.

Rose, D. P. and Connolly, J. M. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacol Ther 1999;83(3):217-244. View abstract.

Ross, E. The role of marine fish oils in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Nutr.Rev. 1993;51(2):47-49. View abstract.

Rosselli, J. L., Thacker, S. M., Karpinski, J. P., and Petkewicz, K. A. Treatment of IgA nephropathy: an update. Ann.Pharmacother. 2011;45(10):1284-1296. View abstract.

Rossing, P., Hansen, B. V., Nielsen, F. S., Myrup, B., Holmer, G., and Parving, H. H. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1214-1219. View abstract.

Roulet, M., Frascarolo, P., Pilet, M., and Chapuis, G. Effects of intravenously infused fish oil on platelet fatty acid phospholipid composition and on platelet function in postoperative trauma. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1997;21(5):296-301. View abstract.

Rousseau, J. H., Kleppinger, A., and Kenny, A. M. Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(10):1781-1788. View abstract.

Roy I, Meyer F, Gingras L, and et al. A double blind randomized controlled study comparing the efficacy of fish oil and low dose ASA to prevent coronary saphenous vein graft obstruction after CABG [abstract]. Circulation 1991;84:II-285.

Rusca, A., Di Stefano, A. F., Doig, M. V., Scarsi, C., and Perucca, E. Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two oral formulations of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(5):503-510. View abstract.

Ryan, A. M., Reynolds, J. V., Healy, L., Byrne, M., Moore, J., Brannelly, N., McHugh, A., McCormack, D., and Flood, P. Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann.Surg. 2009;249(3):355-363. View abstract.

Ryan, A. S. and Nelson, E. B. Assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive functions in healthy, preschool children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2008;47(4):355-362. View abstract.

Sabater, J., Masclans, J. R., Sacanell, J., Chacon, P., Sabin, P., and Planas, M. Effects on hemodynamics and gas exchange of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsion in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Lipids Health Dis. 2008;7:39. View abstract.

Sagduyu, K., Dokucu, M. E., Eddy, B. A., Craigen, G., Baldassano, C. F., and Yildiz, A. Omega-3 fatty acids decreased irritability of patients with bipolar disorder in an add-on, open label study. Nutr J 2005;4:6. View abstract.

Saito, Y., Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Matsuzawa, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A., Nakaya, N., Sakata, T., Shimada, K., and Shirato, K. Effects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Atherosclerosis 2008;200(1):135-140. View abstract.

Sala-Vila, A. and Calder, P. C. Update on the relationship of fish intake with prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers. Crit Rev.Food Sci.Nutr. 2011;51(9):855-871. View abstract.

Salachas, A., Papadopoulos, C., Sakadamis, G., Styliadis, J., Voudris, V., Oakley, D., and Saynor, R. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology 1994;45(12):1023-1031. View abstract.

Salari Sharif P, Asalforoush M Ameri F Larijani B Abdollahi M. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on bone biomarkers in Iranian postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized clinical trial. Age (Dordr). 2010;32(2):179-186.

Salari, P., Rezaie, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis. Med.Sci.Monit. 2008;14(3):RA37-RA44. View abstract.

Salvig, J. D. and Lamont, R. F. Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2011;90(8):825-838. View abstract.

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Samieri, C., Feart, C., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Peres, K., Auriacombe, S., Peuchant, E., Delcourt, C., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and depressive symptomatology are independent predictors of dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(3):714-721. View abstract.

Samsonov, M. A., Vasil'ev, A. V., Pogozheva, A. V., Pokrovskaia, G. R., Mal'tsev, G. I., Biiasheva, I. R., and Orlova, L. A. [The effect of a soy protein isolate and sources of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids in an anti-atherosclerotic diet on the lipid spectrum of blood serum and immunological indicators in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension]. Vopr.Med Khim. 1992;38(5):47-50. View abstract.

Sanchez-Villegas, A., Henriquez, P., Figueiras, A., Ortuno, F., Lahortiga, F., and Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):337-346. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A. and Hinds, A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br.J Nutr. 1992;68(1):163-173. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A., Hall, W. L., Maniou, Z., Lewis, F., Seed, P. T., and Chowienczyk, P. J. Effect of low doses of long-chain n-3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(4):973-980. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A., Oakley, F. R., Miller, G. J., Mitropoulos, K. A., Crook, D., and Oliver, M. F. Influence of n-6 versus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors. Arterioscler.Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(12):3449-3460. View abstract.

Sandesara C, Chung MK Van Wagoner DR et al. Fish oil to inhibit supraventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: the FISH Trial. Heart Rhythm Society's 31st Annual Scientific Sessions. 2010;Late-Breaking Clinical Trials II.:12e15.

Sandesara, C. M., Chung, M. K., Van Wagoner, D. R., Barringer, T. A., Allen, K., Ismail, H. M., Zimmerman, B., and Olshansky, B. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Inhibition of Supraventricular Arrhythmias After Cardiac Surgery: The FISH Trial. J.Am.Heart Assoc. 2012;1(3):e000547. View abstract.

Sangiovanni, J. P., Agron, E., Meleth, A. D., Reed, G. F., Sperduto, R. D., Clemons, T. E., and Chew, E. Y. {omega}-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(6):1601-1607. View abstract.

Santos, J., Queiros, J., Silva, F., Cabrita, A., Rodrigues, A., Henriques, A. C., Sarmento, A. M., Pereira, M. C., and Guimaraes, S. Effects of fish oil in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplant.Proc 2000;32(8):2605-2608. View abstract.

Saravanan P, Bridgewater B West AL O'Neill SC Calder PC Davidson NC. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not reduce risk of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3(1):46-53.

Sarkkinen, E., Schwab, U., Niskanen, L., Hannuksela, M., Savolainen, M., Kervinen, K., Kesaniemi, A., and Uusitupa, M. I. The effects of monounsaturated-fat enriched diet and polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet on lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1996;50(9):592-598. View abstract.

Sarris, J. Clinical depression: an evidence-based integrative complementary medicine treatment model. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17(4):26-37. View abstract.

Sarris, J., Kean, J., Schweitzer, I., and Lake, J. Complementary medicines (herbal and nutritional products) in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the evidence. Complement Ther Med 2011;19(4):216-227. View abstract.

Sarris, J., Mischoulon, D., and Schweitzer, I. Adjunctive nutraceuticals with standard pharmacotherapies in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of clinical trials. Bipolar.Disord. 2011;13(5-6):454-465. View abstract.

Sarris, J., Mischoulon, D., and Schweitzer, I. Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2012;73(1):81-86. View abstract.

Sarris, J., Schoendorfer, N., and Kavanagh, D. J. Major depressive disorder and nutritional medicine: a review of monotherapies and adjuvant treatments. Nutr Rev 2009;67(3):125-131. View abstract.

Satoh, N., Shimatsu, A., Kotani, K., Himeno, A., Majima, T., Yamada, K., Suganami, T., and Ogawa, Y. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cardio-ankle vascular index in association with decreased serum amyloid A-LDL in metabolic syndrome. Hypertens.Res. 2009;32(11):1004-1008. View abstract.

Satoh, N., Shimatsu, A., Kotani, K., Sakane, N., Yamada, K., Suganami, T., Kuzuya, H., and Ogawa, Y. Purified eicosapentaenoic acid reduces small dense LDL, remnant lipoprotein particles, and C-reactive protein in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007;30(1):144-146. View abstract.

Sawaya, G. F., Guirguis-Blake, J., LeFevre, M., Harris, R., and Petitti, D. Update on the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: estimating certainty and magnitude of net benefit. Ann Intern Med 12-18-2007;147(12):871-875. View abstract.

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Schectman, G., Kaul, S., and Kissebah, A. H. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. Diabetes 1988;37(11):1567-1573. View abstract.

Schena, F Strippoli G Manno C. Therapeutic aspects of IgA nephropathy: an overview. Nephrology 2002;7:S156-S163.

Schiano, V., Laurenzano, E., Brevetti, G., De Maio, J. I., Lanero, S., Scopacasa, F., and Chiariello, M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in peripheral arterial disease: effect on lipid pattern, disease severity, inflammation profile, and endothelial function. Clin.Nutr. 2008;27(2):241-247. View abstract.

Schilling, J., Vranjes, N., Fierz, W., Joller, H., Gyurech, D., Ludwig, E., Marathias, K., and Geroulanos, S. Clinical outcome and immunology of postoperative arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and nucleotide-enriched enteral feeding: a randomized prospective comparison with standard enteral and low calorie/low fat i.v. solutions. Nutrition 1996;12(6):423-429. View abstract.

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Schmidt, E. B., Ernst, E., Varming, K., Pedersen, J. O., and Dyerberg, J. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis in patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipidaemia. Thromb.Haemost. 9-29-1989;62(2):797-801. View abstract.

Schmidt, E. B., Varming, K., Svaneborg, N., and Dyerberg, J. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (Pikasol) in men with moderate and severe hypertriglyceridaemia: a dose-response study. Ann Nutr Metab 1992;36(5-6):283-287. View abstract.

Schut, N H Hardeman M R Goedhart P T Bilo H J G Wilmink J M. Blood viscosity measurements are not sensitive enough to detect changes in erythrocyte deformability in cyclosporin-treated patients and its subsequent reversal with fish and corn oil. Clin Hemorheology. 1993;13(4):465-472.

Schut, N. H., Bilo, H. J., Popp-Snijders, C., Goedhart, P. T., and Wilmink, J. M. Erythrocyte deformability, endothelin levels, and renal function in cyclosporin-treated renal transplant recipients: effects of intervention with fish oil and corn oil. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 1993;53(5):499-506. View abstract.

Schwab, U. S., Sarkkinen, E. S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Li, Z., Ordovas, J. M., Schaefer, E. J., and Uusitupa, M. I. The effect of quality and amount of dietary fat on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;52(6):452-458. View abstract.

Schwartz, J. and Weiss, S. T. The relationship of dietary fish intake to level of pulmonary function in the first National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES I). Eur Respir.J 1994;7(10):1821-1824. View abstract.

Seddon, J. M., George, S., and Rosner, B. Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):995-1001. View abstract.

Sekine, K. Hepatic role in the storage and utilization of fish oil fatty acids in humans: studies on liver surgery patients. Intern Med 1995;34(3):139-143. View abstract.

Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Eggesbo, J. B., Westvik, A. B., and Kierulf, P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 1999;81(4):566-570. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Geier, B., Hannemann, M., Deska, T., Linseisen, J., Wolfram, G., and Adolph, M. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition beneficially alters phospholipid fatty acid pattern. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(1):12-17. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Mumme, A., Eickhoff, U., Geier, B., Spath, G., Wulfert, D., Joosten, U., Frei, A., and Kemen, M. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analysis in surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(9):1489-1496. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Zumtobel, V., Bauer, K. H., Marpe, B., Wolfram, G., Frei, A., Eickhoff, U., and Kemen, M. Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch.Surg. 1999;134(12):1309-1316. View abstract.

Shah, A. P., Ichiuji, A. M., Han, J. K., Traina, M., El-Bialy, A., Meymandi, S. K., and Wachsner, R. Y. Cardiovascular and endothelial effects of fish oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2007;12(3):213-219. View abstract.

Shams, K., Grindlay, D. J., and Williams, H. C. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2009-2010. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2011;36(6):573-577. View abstract.

Shapiro, J. A., Koepsell, T. D., Voigt, L. F., Dugowson, C. E., Kestin, M., and Nelson, J. L. Diet and rheumatoid arthritis in women: a possible protective effect of fish consumption. Epidemiology 1996;7(3):256-263. View abstract.

Sharma, A., Belna, J., Espat, J., Rodriguez, G., Cannon, V. T., and Hurteau, J. A. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on components of the transforming growth factor beta-1 pathway: implication for dietary modification and prevention in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200(5):516. View abstract.

Shaw, D. I., Hall, W. L., Jeffs, N. R., and Williams, C. M. Comparative effects of fatty acids on endothelial inflammatory gene expression. Eur J Nutr 2007;46(6):321-328. View abstract.

Sheehan, J. P., Wei, I. W., Ulchaker, M., and Tserng, K. Y. Effect of high fiber intake in fish oil-treated patients with non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66(5):1183-1187. View abstract.

Shen, J., Johnson, V. M., Sullivan, L. M., Jacques, P. F., Magnani, J. W., Lubitz, S. A., Pandey, S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., Quatromoni, P. A., Junyent, M., Ordovas, J. M., and Benjamin, E. J. Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):261-266. View abstract.

Shidfar, F., Keshavarz, A., Hosseyni, S., Ameri, A., and Yarahmadi, S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients. East Mediterr.Health J 2008;14(2):305-313. View abstract.

Silvers, K. M., Woolley, C. C., Hamilton, F. C., Watts, P. M., and Watson, R. A. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in the treatment of depression. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2005;72(3):211-218. View abstract.

Simon, J. A., Fong, J., Bernert, J. T., Jr., and Browner, W. S. Serum fatty acids and the risk of stroke. Stroke 1995;26(5):778-782. View abstract.

Singer, P., Melzer, S., Goschel, M., and Augustin, S. Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 1990;16(6):682-691. View abstract.

Singer, P., Theilla, M., Fisher, H., Gibstein, L., Grozovski, E., and Cohen, J. Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1033-1038. View abstract.

Singh, R. B., Dubnov, G., Niaz, M. A., Ghosh, S., Singh, R., Rastogi, S. S., Manor, O., Pella, D., and Berry, E. M. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial. Lancet 11-9-2002;360(9344):1455-1461. View abstract.

Sinn, N. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for ADHD symptoms: response to commentary. J.Dev.Behav.Pediatr. 2007;28(3):262-263. View abstract.

Sinn, N., Bryan, J., and Wilson, C. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2008;78(4-5):311-326. View abstract.

Sjoberg, N. J., Milte, C. M., Buckley, J. D., Howe, P. R., Coates, A. M., and Saint, D. A. Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation. Br J Nutr 2010;103(2):243-248. View abstract.

Skoldstam, L., Borjesson, O., Kjallman, A., Seiving, B., and Akesson, B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;21(4):178-185. View abstract.

Skulas-Ray, A. C., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Wagner, P. R., and West, S. G. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):243-252. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Collins, C. T., Simmonds, L. A., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Feeding preterm infants milk with a higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid than that used in current practice does not influence language or behavior in early childhood: a follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(3):628-634. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(4):1049-1056. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Markrides, M., and Gibson, R. A. Human milk fatty acids from lactating mothers of preterm infants: a study revealing wide intra- and inter-individual variation. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;83(1):9-13. View abstract.

Soden, J. S., Lovell, M. A., Brown, K., Partrick, D. A., and Sokol, R. J. Failure of resolution of portal fibrosis during omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsion therapy in two patients with irreversible intestinal failure. J Pediatr 2010;156(2):327-331. View abstract.

Sofi, F., Giangrandi, I., Cesari, F., Corsani, I., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., and Casini, A. Effects of a 1-year dietary intervention with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched olive oil on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a preliminary study. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2010;61(8):792-802. View abstract.

Solomon, S. A., Cartwright, I., Pockley, G., Greaves, M., Preston, F. E., Ramsay, L. E., and Waller, P. C. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;12(1):1-11. View abstract.

Sommerfield, T. and Hiatt, W. R. Omega-3 fatty acids for intermittent claudication. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(3):CD003833. View abstract.

Sommerfield, T., Price, J., and Hiatt, W. R. Omega-3 fatty acids for intermittent claudication. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(4):CD003833. View abstract.

Sontrop, J. and Campbell, M. K. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: a review of the evidence and a methodological critique. Prev Med 2006;42(1):4-13. View abstract.

Sorgi, P. J., Hallowell, E. M., Hutchins, H. L., and Sears, B. Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr.J. 2007;6:16. View abstract.

Soyland, E., Funk, J., Rajka, G., Sandberg, M., Thune, P., Rustad, L., Helland, S., Middelfart, K., Odu, S., Falk, E. S., and . Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1994;130(6):757-764. View abstract.

Spadaro, L., Magliocco, O., Spampinato, D., Piro, S., Oliveri, C., Alagona, C., Papa, G., Rabuazzo, A. M., and Purrello, F. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig.Liver Dis. 2008;40(3):194-199. View abstract.

Sperling, R. I., Weinblatt, M., Robin, J. L., Ravalese, J., III, Hoover, R. L., House, F., Coblyn, J. S., Fraser, P. A., Spur, B. W., Robinson, D. R., and . Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(9):988-997. View abstract.

Stack WA, Cole AT Makhdoom Z et al. A randomized controlled trial of essential fatty acids (EFA) in acute ulcerative colitis (UC). Gut 1997;40(Suppl. 1):A23.

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Stacpoole, P. W., Alig, J., Kilgore, L. L., Ayala, C. M., Herbert, P. N., Zech, L. A., and Fisher, W. R. Lipodystrophic diabetes mellitus. Investigations of lipoprotein metabolism and the effects of omega-3 fatty acid administration in two patients. Metabolism 1988;37(10):944-951. View abstract.

Steiner, A., Oertel, R., Battig, B., Pletscher, W., Weiss, B., Greminger, P., and Vetter, W. Effect of fish oil on blood pressure and serum lipids in hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. J Hypertens.Suppl 1989;7(3):S73-S76. View abstract.

Stenson WF, Cort D, Beeken W, and et al. A trial of fish oil supplemented diet in ulcerative colitis [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1990;98(Suppl):A475.

Stenson WF, Cort D, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K, and et al. A trial of fish oil supplemented diet in inflammatory bowel disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1991;100:A253.

Stenson, W. F., Cort, D., Rodgers, J., Burakoff, R., DeSchryver-Kecskemeti, K., Gramlich, T. L., and Beeken, W. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med 4-15-1992;116(8):609-614. View abstract.

Stevens, L. J., Zentall, S. S., Abate, M. L., Kuczek, T., and Burgess, J. R. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav. 1996;59(4-5):915-920. View abstract.

Stevens, L., Zhang, W., Peck, L., Kuczek, T., Grevstad, N., Mahon, A., Zentall, S. S., Arnold, L. E., and Burgess, J. R. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids 2003;38(10):1007-1021. View abstract.

Stiefel, P., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Gajon, E., Acosta, D., Garcia-Donas, M. A., Madrazo, J., Villar, J., and Carneado, J. Sodium transport kinetics, cell membrane lipid composition, neural conduction and metabolic control in type 1 diabetic patients. Changes after a low-dose n-3 fatty acid dietary intervention. Ann Nutr Metab 1999;43(2):113-120. View abstract.

Stirban A, Nandrean S Götting C Tamler R Pop A Negrean M Gawlowski T Stratmann B Tschoepe D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on macro- and microvascular function in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(3):808-813.

Stoof, T. J., Korstanje, M. J., Bilo, H. J., Starink, T. M., Hulsmans, R. F., and Donker, A. J. Does fish oil protect renal function in cyclosporin-treated psoriasis patients? J Intern Med 1989;226(6):437-441. View abstract.

Stradling, C., Chen, Y. F., Russell, T., Connock, M., Thomas, G. N., and Taheri, S. The effects of dietary intervention on HIV dyslipidaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS.One. 2012;7(6):e38121. View abstract.

Strom, M., Mortensen, E. L., Halldorsson, T. I., Thorsdottir, I., and Olsen, S. F. Fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression: a prospective study based on a large national birth cohort. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(1):149-155. View abstract.

Strong AM and Hamill E. The effect of combined fish oil and evening primrose oil (Efamol Marine) on the remission phase of psoriasis: a 7-month double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Derm Treatment 1993;4:33-36.

Su, K. P., Huang, S. Y., Chiu, T. H., Huang, K. C., Huang, C. L., Chang, H. C., and Pariante, C. M. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2008;69(4):644-651. View abstract.

Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., and Mann, J. J. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2011;72(12):1577-1584. View abstract.

Sublette, M. E., Hibbeln, J. R., Galfalvy, H., Oquendo, M. A., and Mann, J. J. Omega-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid status as a predictor of future suicide risk. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1100-1102. View abstract.

Sulikowska, B., Nieweglowski, T., Manitius, J., Lysiak-Szydlowska, W., and Rutkowski, B. Effect of 12-month therapy with omega-3 polyunsaturated acids on glomerular filtration response to dopamine in IgA nephropathy. Am.J Nephrol. 2004;24(5):474-482. View abstract.

Sundrarjun, T., Komindr, S., Archararit, N., Dahlan, W., Puchaiwatananon, O., Angthararak, S., Udomsuppayakul, U., and Chuncharunee, S. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 in active rheumatoid arthritis. J Int Med Res 2004;32(5):443-454. View abstract.

Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. N-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(4):780-786. View abstract.

Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in patients treated with chronic haemodialysis: a randomized placebo-controlled intervention study. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2008;23(9):2918-2924. View abstract.

Swahn, E., von, Schenck H., and Olsson, A. G. Omega-3 Ethyl Ester Concentrate Decreases Total Apolipoprotein CIII and Increases Antithrombin III in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients. Clin.Drug Investig. 1998;15(6):473-482. View abstract.

Swails, W. S., Kenler, A. S., Driscoll, D. F., DeMichele, S. J., Babineau, T. J., Utsunamiya, T., Chavali, S., Forse, R. A., and Bistrian, B. R. Effect of a fish oil structured lipid-based diet on prostaglandin release from mononuclear cells in cancer patients after surgery. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1997;21(5):266-274. View abstract.

Sweny, P., Wheeler, D. C., Lui, S. F., Amin, N. S., Barradas, M. A., Jeremy, J. Y., Mikhailidis, D. P., Varghese, Z., Fernando, O. N., and Moorhead, J. F. Dietary fish oil supplements preserve renal function in renal transplant recipients with chronic vascular rejection. Nephrol Dial.Transplant. 1989;4(12):1070-1075. View abstract.

Szklarek-Kubicka, M., Fijalkowska-Morawska, J., Zaremba-Drobnik, D., Ucinski, A., Czekalski, S., and Nowicki, M. Effect of intradialytic intravenous administration of omega-3 fatty acids on nutritional status and inflammatory response in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. J Ren Nutr 2009;19(6):487-493. View abstract.

Szymanski, K. M., Wheeler, D. C., and Mucci, L. A. Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;92(5):1223-1233. View abstract.

Takahashi, R., Inoue, J., Ito, H., and Hibino, H. Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-insulin-dependent-diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49(2):569-571. View abstract.

Takatsuka, H., Takemoto, Y., Iwata, N., Suehiro, A., Hamano, T., Okamoto, T., Kanamaru, A., and Kakishita, E. Oral eicosapentaenoic acid for complications of bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28(8):769-774. View abstract.

Takatsuka, H., Yamada, S., Okamoto, T., Fujimori, Y., Wada, H., Iwata, N., Kanamaru, A., and Kakishita, E. Predicting the severity of intestinal graft-versus-host disease from leukotriene B4 levels after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(12):1313-1316. View abstract.

Tanaka K, Shimizu T Ohtsuka Y et al. Early dietary treatments with Lorenzo's oil and docosahexaenoic acid for neurological development in a case with Zellweger syndrome. Brain Dev 2007;29:586-589.

Tanaka, K., Ishikawa, Y., Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Saito, Y., Matsuzawa, Y., Sasaki, J., Oikawa, S., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A., Nakaya, N., Sakata, T., Shimada, K., and Shirato, K. Reduction in the recurrence of stroke by eicosapentaenoic acid for hypercholesterolemic patients: subanalysis of the JELIS trial. Stroke 2008;39(7):2052-2058. View abstract.

Tanaka, N., Sano, K., Horiuchi, A., Tanaka, E., Kiyosawa, K., and Aoyama, T. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid treatment improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J.Clin.Gastroenterol. 2008;42(4):413-418. View abstract.

Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19(2):115-119. View abstract.

Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13(2):281-286. View abstract.

Tassoni, D., Kaur, G., Weisinger, R. S., and Sinclair, A. J. The role of eicosanoids in the brain. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17 Suppl 1:220-228. View abstract.

Tato, F., Keller, C., and Wolfram, G. Effects of fish oil concentrate on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Clin Investig. 1993;71(4):314-318. View abstract.

Terano, T. Effect of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ingestion on bone metabolism and osteoporosis. World Rev.Nutr.Diet. 2001;88:141-147. View abstract.

Terano, T., Fujishiro, S., Ban, T., Yamamoto, K., Tanaka, T., Noguchi, Y., Tamura, Y., Yazawa, K., and Hirayama, T. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids 1999;34 Suppl:S345-S346. View abstract.

Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978. View abstract.

Thienprasert, A., Samuhaseneetoo, S., Popplestone, K., West, A. L., Miles, E. A., and Calder, P. C. Fish oil n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively affect plasma cytokines and decrease illness in Thai schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial. J Pediatr 2009;154(3):391-395. View abstract.

Thorsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Gunnarsdottir, I., Gisladottir, E., Kiely, M., Parra, M. D., Bandarra, N. M., Schaafsma, G., and Martinez, J. A. Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2007;31(10):1560-1566. View abstract.

Thusgaard, M., Christensen, J. H., Morn, B., Andersen, T. S., Vige, R., Arildsen, H., Schmidt, E. B., and Nielsen, H. Effect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand.J.Infect.Dis. 2009;41(10):760-766. View abstract.

Tofail, F., Kabir, I., Hamadani, J. D., Chowdhury, F., Yesmin, S., Mehreen, F., and Huda, S. N. Supplementation of fish-oil and soy-oil during pregnancy and psychomotor development of infants. J.Health Popul.Nutr. 2006;24(1):48-56. View abstract.

Toft, I., Bonaa, K. H., Ingebretsen, O. C., Nordoy, A., and Jenssen, T. Fibrinolytic function after dietary supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1997;17(5):814-819. View abstract.

Tomei, R., Rossi, L., Carbonieri, E., Franceschini, L., Cemin, C., Ghebremariam-Tesfau, K., and Zardini, P. [Efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acid combination in patients with coronary disease, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia]. Cardiologia 1993;38(12):773-778. View abstract.

Tomer, A., Kasey, S., Connor, W. E., Clark, S., Harker, L. A., and Eckman, J. R. Reduction of pain episodes and prothrombotic activity in sickle cell disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 2001;85(6):966-974. View abstract.

Tomiyama, H., Takazawa, K., Osa, S., Hirose, K., Hirai, A., Iketani, T., Monden, M., Sanoyama, K., and Yamashina, A. Do eicosapentaenoic acid supplements attenuate age-related increases in arterial stiffness in patients with dyslipidemia?: A preliminary study. Hypertens.Res. 2005;28(8):651-655. View abstract.

Toorang F, Djazayery A, Jalali M, Eshraghian MR, Favid M, Pooya SH, Chamari M, Zaraei M, and Fatah F. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on HbA1c, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in type-2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;3(4):1.

Transler, C., Eilander, A., Mitchell, S., and van de Meer, N. The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids in reducing child attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. J.Atten.Disord. 2010;14(3):232-246. View abstract.

Trebble, T. M., Stroud, M. A., Wootton, S. A., Calder, P. C., Fine, D. R., Mullee, M. A., Moniz, C., and Arden, N. K. High-dose fish oil and antioxidants in Crohn's disease and the response of bone turnover: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2005;94(2):253-261. View abstract.

Trikalinos, T. A., Moorthy, D., Chung, M., Yu, W. W., Lee, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., and Lau, J. Concordance of randomized and nonrandomized studies was unrelated to translational patterns of two nutrient-disease associations. J.Clin.Epidemiol. 2012;65(1):16-29. View abstract.

Tulleken, J. E., Limburg, P. C., Muskiet, F. A., and van Rijswijk, M. H. Vitamin E status during dietary fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(9):1416-1419. View abstract.

Tur, J. A., Bibiloni, M. M., Sureda, A., and Pons, A. Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S23-S52. View abstract.

Turnbull, T., Cullen-Drill, M., and Smaldone, A. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on improvement of bipolar symptoms: a systematic review. Arch Psychiatr.Nurs 2008;22(5):305-311. View abstract.

Turner, D., Shah, P. S., Steinhart, A. H., Zlotkin, S., and Griffiths, A. M. Maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease using omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil): a systematic review and meta-analyses. Inflamm.Bowel.Dis. 2011;17(1):336-345. View abstract.

Turner, D., Steinhart, A. H., and Griffiths, A. M. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD006443. View abstract.

Turner, D., Zlotkin, S. H., Shah, P. S., and Griffiths, A. M. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD006320. View abstract.

Uauy, R. D., Birch, D. G., Birch, E. E., Tyson, J. E., and Hoffman, D. R. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low- birth-weight neonates. Pediatr Res 1990;28(5):485-492. View abstract.

Uauy, R., Hoffman, D. R., Birch, E. E., Birch, D. G., Jameson, D. M., and Tyson, J. Safety and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the nutrition of very low birth weight infants: soy oil and marine oil supplementation of formula. J Pediatr 1994;124(4):612-620. View abstract.

Urakaze, M., Hamazaki, T., Kashiwabara, H., Omori, K., Fischer, S., Yano, S., and Kumagai, A. Favorable effects of fish oil concentrate on risk factors for thrombosis in renal allograft recipients. Nephron 1989;53(2):102-109. View abstract.

Urakaze, M., Hamazaki, T., Yano, S., Kashiwabara, H., Oomori, K., and Yokoyama, T. Effect of fish oil concentrate on risk factors of cardiovascular complications in renal transplantation. Transplant.Proc 1989;21(1 Pt 2):2134-2136. View abstract.

Vacek, J. L., Harris, W. S., and Haffey, K. Short-term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on exercise stress test parameters, angina and lipoproteins. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1989;43(5):375-379. View abstract.

Vaddadi, K., Hakansson, K., Clifford, J., and Waddington, J. Tardive dyskinesia and essential fatty acids. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18(2):133-143. View abstract.

Vaisman, N., Kaysar, N., Zaruk-Adasha, Y., Pelled, D., Brichon, G., Zwingelstein, G., and Bodennec, J. Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;87(5):1170-1180. View abstract.

Vakhapova, V., Cohen, T., Richter, Y., Herzog, Y., and Korczyn, A. D. Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010;29(5):467-474. View abstract.

Valdini, A. F., Glenn, M. A., Greenblatt, L., and Steinhardt, S. Efficacy of fish oil supplementation for treatment of moderate elevation of serum cholesterol. J Fam.Pract 1990;30(1):55-59. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Dullemeijer, C., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, C. P. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 8-5-2008;71(6):430-438. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Hoefnagels, W. H., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish-oil supplementation on mental well-being in older subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(3):706-713. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish oil supplementation on quality of life in a general population of older Dutch subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2009;57(8):1481-1486. View abstract.

van der Heide, J. J., Bilo, H. J., Donker, J. M., Wilmink, J. M., and Tegzess, A. M. Effect of dietary fish oil on renal function and rejection in cyclosporine-treated recipients of renal transplants. N.Engl J Med 9-9-1993;329(11):769-773. View abstract.

van der Meij, B. S., Langius, J. A., Smit, E. F., Spreeuwenberg, M. D., von Blomberg, B. M., Heijboer, A. C., Paul, M. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J.Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774-1780. View abstract.

van der Meij, B. S., van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Langius, J. A., Brouwer, I. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. n-3 PUFAs in cancer, surgery, and critical care: a systematic review on clinical effects, incorporation, and washout of oral or enteral compared with parenteral supplementation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(5):1248-1265. View abstract.

Vandongen, R., Mori, T. A., Codde, J. P., Stanton, K. G., and Masarei, J. R. Hypercholesterolaemic effect of fish oil in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Med J Aust 2-1-1988;148(3):141-143. View abstract.

Vanschoonbeek, K., Feijge, M. A., Paquay, M., Rosing, J., Saris, W., Kluft, C., Giesen, P. L., de Maat, M. P., and Heemskerk, J. W. Variable hypocoagulant effect of fish oil intake in humans: modulation of fibrinogen level and thrombin generation. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2004;24(9):1734-1740. View abstract.

Varghese TJ, Coomansingh D Richardson S et al. Clinical response of ulcerative colitis with dietary omega-3 fatty acids: a double-blind randomized study. Br J Surg 2000;87(Suppl 1):73.

Ventura, H. O., Mehra, M. R., Stapleton, D. D., and Smart, F. W. Cyclosporine-induced hypertension in cardiac transplantation. Med.Clin.North Am. 1997;81(6):1347-1357. View abstract.

Ventura, H. O., Milani, R. V., Lavie, C. J., Smart, F. W., Stapleton, D. D., Toups, T. S., and Price, H. L. Cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in patients after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1993;88(5 Pt 2):II281-II285. View abstract.

Verlengia, R., Gorjao, R., Kanunfre, C. C., Bordin, S., de Lima, T. M., Martins, E. F., Newsholme, P., and Curi, R. Effects of EPA and DHA on proliferation, cytokine production, and gene expression in Raji cells. Lipids 2004;39(9):857-864. View abstract.

Vessby, B. Dietary supplementation with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes. Effects on glucose homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:244-249. View abstract.

Vidgren, H. M., Agren, J. J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hanninen, O., and Uusitupa, M. I. Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil among healthy young men. Lipids 1997;32(7):697-705. View abstract.

Virtanen, JK Mursu J Voutilainen S Tuomainen TP. Serum long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in men. Circulation. 2009;120(23):2315-2321.

Visioli, F., Rise, P., Plasmati, E., Pazzucconi, F., Sirtori, C. R., and Galli, C. Very low intakes of N-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol.Res. 2000;41(5):571-576. View abstract.

Volker, D., Fitzgerald, P., Major, G., and Garg, M. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27(10):2343-2346. View abstract.

Wachtler, P., Konig, W., Senkal, M., Kemen, M., and Koller, M. Influence of a total parenteral nutrition enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on leukotriene synthesis of peripheral leukocytes and systemic cytokine levels in patients with major surgery. J Trauma 1997;42(2):191-198. View abstract.

Wallin, A., Di, Giuseppe D., Orsini, N., Patel, P. S., Forouhi, N. G., and Wolk, A. Fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2012;35(4):918-929. View abstract.

Wang, C., Harris, W. S., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Balk, E. M., Kupelnick, B., Jordan, H. S., and Lau, J. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(1):5-17. View abstract.

Wang, Q., Liang, X., Wang, L., Lu, X., Huang, J., Cao, J., Li, H., and Gu, D. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2012;221(2):536-543. View abstract.

Wang, S., Ma, A. Q., Song, S. W., Quan, Q. H., Zhao, X. F., and Zheng, X. H. Fish oil supplementation improves large arterial elasticity in overweight hypertensive patients. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(12):1426-1431. View abstract.

Wang, X., Li, W., Li, N., and Li, J. Omega-3 fatty acids-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2008;32(3):236-241. View abstract.

Warner, J. G., Jr., Ullrich, I. H., Albrink, M. J., and Yeater, R. A. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21(5):498-505. View abstract.

Watanabe, N., Watanabe, Y., Kumagai, M., and Fujimoto, K. Administration of dietary fish oil capsules in healthy middle-aged Japanese men with a high level of fish consumption. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 5:136-142. View abstract.

Wei, C., Hua, J., Bin, C., and Klassen, K. Impact of lipid emulsion containing fish oil on outcomes of surgical patients: systematic review of randomized controlled trials from Europe and Asia. Nutrition 2010;26(5):474-481. View abstract.

Weimann, A., Bastian, L., Bischoff, W. E., Grotz, M., Hansel, M., Lotz, J., Trautwein, C., Tusch, G., Schlitt, H. J., and Regel, G. Influence of arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and nucleotide-supplemented enteral support on systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure in patients after severe trauma. Nutrition 1998;14(2):165-172. View abstract.

Wibbenmeyer, L. A., Mitchell, M. A., Newel, I. M., Faucher, L. D., Amelon, M. J., Ruffin, T. O., Lewis, R. D., Latenser, B. A., and Kealey, P. G. Effect of a fish oil and arginine-fortified diet in thermally injured patients. J Burn Care Res 2006;27(5):694-702. View abstract.

Wichmann, M. W., Thul, P., Czarnetzki, H. D., Morlion, B. J., Kemen, M., and Jauch, K. W. Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion (Lipoplus, MLF541): data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(3):700-706. View abstract.

Wigmore, S. J., Barber, M. D., Ross, J. A., Tisdale, M. J., and Fearon, K. C. Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutr Cancer 2000;36(2):177-184. View abstract.

Williams, A. L., Katz, D., Ali, A., Girard, C., Goodman, J., and Bell, I. Do essential fatty acids have a role in the treatment of depression? J.Affect.Disord. 2006;93(1-3):117-123. View abstract.

Wilt, T. J., Lofgren, R. P., Nichol, K. L., Schorer, A. E., Crespin, L., Downes, D., and Eckfeldt, J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med 12-1-1989;111(11):900-905. View abstract.

Wing, L. M., Nestel, P. J., Chalmers, J. P., Rouse, I., West, M. J., Bune, A. J., Tonkin, A. L., and Russell, A. E. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on blood pressure in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1990;8(4):339-343. View abstract.

Wohl, D. A., Tien, H. C., Busby, M., Cunningham, C., Macintosh, B., Napravnik, S., Danan, E., Donovan, K., Hossenipour, M., and Simpson, R. J., Jr. Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Clin.Infect.Dis. 11-15-2005;41(10):1498-1504. View abstract.

Wojcicki, J. M. and Heyman, M. B. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk for perinatal maternal depression. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(5):680-686. View abstract.

Woltil, H. A., van Beusekom, C. M., Okken-Beukens, M., Schaafsma, A., Muskiet, F. A., and Okken, A. Development of low-birthweight infants at 19 months of age correlates with early intake and status of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1999;61(4):235-241. View abstract.

Wong, C. Y., Yiu, K. H., Li, S. W., Lee, S., Tam, S., Lau, C. P., and Tse, H. F. Fish-oil supplement has neutral effects on vascular and metabolic function but improves renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(1):54-60. View abstract.

Woodcock, B. E., Smith, E., Lambert, W. H., Jones, W. M., Galloway, J. H., Greaves, M., and Preston, F. E. Beneficial effect of fish oil on blood viscosity in peripheral vascular disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2-25-1984;288(6417):592-594. View abstract.

Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Barden, A., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(1):85-93. View abstract.

Woods, R. K., Thien, F. C., and Abramson, M. J. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2002;(3):CD001283.

Wright, S. A., O'Prey, F. M., McHenry, M. T., Leahey, W. J., Devine, A. B., Duffy, E. M., Johnston, D. G., Finch, M. B., Bell, A. L., and McVeigh, G. E. A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2008;67(6):841-848. View abstract.

Wu, J. H., Micha, R., Imamura, F., Pan, A., Biggs, M. L., Ajaz, O., Djousse, L., Hu, F. B., and Mozaffarian, D. Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S214-S227. View abstract.

Wu, S., Liang, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Liu, X., and Miao, D. Fish consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC.Cancer 2011;11:26. View abstract.

Xiong, J., Zhu, S., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., and Wang, C. Regulation of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the SIRS during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2009;29(1):35-38. View abstract.

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